Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

High Resolution > Scrotal Pathology > Flashcards

Scrotal Pathology Flashcards

0
Q

what can cause significant testicular parenchymal injury or hemorrhage?

A

scrotal trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is scrotal trauma?

A

a direct blow to the scrotal sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what can definitely alter the normal homogeneous appearance?

A

scrotal trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Look for a change in _________when you scan testicles

A

architecture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do you need to determine when there is trauma?

A

has there been a rupture….emergency!!

requires surgery

must be fixed within 72 hours for 90% survival, after 72 hrs only 45% of testes are saved.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What causes an irregular testicular contour?

A

trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what causes scrotal wall thickening and hematocele?

A

trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a hydrocele?

A

fluid formed between the visceral and parietal layers of the TUNICA VAGINALIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a hematocele?

A

blood btw the visceral and parietal vaginalis

low level echoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a hematoma?

A

collection of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What causes a hematocele?

A

bleeding of panpiniform plexus or other extratesticular structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does a hematocele appear sonographically?

A

acute:

echogenic with echoes

over time:

low level echoes with septations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does a hematoma appear sonographically in the scrotum?

A

heterogeneous areas within scrotum

more complex

avascular

displacement of testes

heterogeneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is epididymitis?

A

infection

spread of lower UTI or STD via spermatic cord

most common cause of acute scrotal pain in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of epididymitis?

A

scrotal pain for 1-2 days

fever

urethral discharge

scrotal wall edema

most common cause of acute scrotal pain in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does epididymitis appear sonographically?

A

enlarged hypoechoic gland

increased flow

increased velocities in systole and diastole

low resistance wave form

hydrocele

see slide 72-77for picture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is orchitis?

A

once infection (epididymitis) has spread to the testicle

also associated with hydrocele and pyocele

hyperemic flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is hyperemic flow?

A

increase color doppler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Excessive swelling can cause ____________to the testicular ________ supply

A

obstruction

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what might occur with orchitis?

A

infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When does torsion typically occur?

A

during adolescence 12-18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the most common etiology for testicular torsion?

A

anomaly - Bell Clapper Deformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the bell clapper deformity?

A

etiology for torsion

tunica vaginalis completely surround the testis, epididymis and distal spermatic cord causing a twisting

60% anatomic anomaly on both sides

23
Q

What kind of testes is 10x more affected for torsion?

A

undescended testes

24
Q

What structure is involved in torsion?

A

spermatic cord

25
Q

What happens to blood flow with torsion?

A

compromised blood flow

venous flow with occluded veins - will happen first

arterial flow obstruction leads to ischemia

26
Q

What symptoms present with torsion of spermatic cord?

A

true emergency

suddenonset of acute pain

swelling

nausea and vomiting

27
Q

How soon do you need to surgically fix torsion to save the testicle?

A

5-6 hrs 100%

6-12 hrs 70%

beyond 12 hrs 20%

28
Q

What will the testicle look like if it’s torsed?

A

after 4-6 hrs testis swollen hypoechoic

After 24 hrs - heterogenous

Scrotal thickening and hydrocele

29
Q

What is torsion of the testicular appendages?

A

“the blue dot”

small piece of tissue on the testicle is twisted (seen by doctor not sonographer)

most common cause of acute scrotal pain in PREPUBERTAL boys

30
Q

What is an epididymal cyst? (aka: extra testicular masses)

A

benign fluid collection

typical cyst criteria

31
Q

What is a spermatocele?

A

extra testicular mass

cystic dilation of the efferent duct of the epididymis

32
Q

where would a spermatocele be found?

A

located in the epi head

seen often following a vasectomy

contain proteinaceous fluid and spermatozoa

33
Q

What is a varicocele?

A

abnormal dilation of the veins of the PAMPINIFORM plexus within the spermatic cord

34
Q

what side is is often associated with varicocele?

A

more common on the Left because of the left renal vein

35
Q

What causes a varicocele?

A

incompetent valves in the spermatic vein

pressure from renal hydronephrosis, mass, liver cirrhosis

36
Q

What is associated with infertility - most common and correctible?

A

varicocele

see slide 102+ for images

37
Q

what do you have the patient do to prove varicocele?

A

valsalva

38
Q

What is a pyocele?

A

pus filled

abscess

39
Q

What is a hematocele?

A

blood - trauma

40
Q

what is hydrocele?

A

serous fluid - swelling

41
Q

What is a tubular ectasia of the rete testis?

A

benign mass

Assoc with epididymial obstruction due to trauma or inflammation

Cystic lesion in mediastinum testis

Bilateral asymmetry

42
Q

what is microlithiasis?

A

tiny calcifications in the testicle

multiple

(two or three is not really microlithiasis)

43
Q

What is associated with microlithiasis?

A

cryptorchidism (undescended testis)

infertility

klinefelter’s (genetic)

varicocele

44
Q

What is a seminoma?

A

malignant mass

most common malignancy of the testicle*

cryptorchidism

painless scrotal mass

solid, hypoechoic nodule

45
Q

What are the risk factors for seminoma?

A

Family history

Cryptorchidism

Down’s syndrome

Smoking

Infertility

White race

46
Q

What is a germ cell tumor?

A

non seminoma

Spread more quickly

High levels of serum

Alpha feta protein

Teratoma - infants

Choriocarcinoma - elevated hCG

Embryonal cell

47
Q

What is a leydig cell tumor?

A

uncommon

benign in children

malignant in adults

non germ cell

48
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

undescended testicle

49
Q

where might an undescended testicle be found?

A

abdomen

inguinal canal

other location

50
Q

what percent of undescended testicles are found in the inguinal canal?

A

80%

more common in premature babies

51
Q

What is an orchiopexy?

A

surgically bringing down of the testicle

52
Q

What is a scrotal hernia (inguinal)?

A

bowel (most common)

omentum or other structures into the scrotum

look for peristalsis of the bowel

53
Q

What is an indirect hernia?

finish slide 130

A

a congenital lesion

bowel and peritoneum do not herniate directly through a weakness in abd wall but through a patent processus vaginalis (congenital defect) and into the scrotum

goes through the internal ring

higher risk

54
Q

What is a direct hernia?

finish slide 131

A

acquired

occurs when a weak spot develops in the lower abd musculature

due to lifting heavy objects, coughing, straining, pregnancy, constipation

lower

High Resolution (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions