Scramble Flashcards
Opium War 1 & 2 Unfair Treaties Taiping Rebellion Boxer Brit, Fra, Rus, Jap, USA, Port, Dutch
What was the main cause of the First Opium War?
The British illegally sold opium to China, and China tried to stop the trade.
Why did Britain sell opium to China?
To balance trade since Britain was importing large amounts of tea, silk, and porcelain from China.
What treaty ended the First Opium War?
The Treaty of Nanjing (1842).
What Chinese dynasty was in power during the Opium Wars?
The Qing Dynasty.
What were the main terms of the Treaty of Nanjing?
China had to give Hong Kong to Britain, pay reparations, and open five ports to British trade.
How did the Second Opium War start?
Britain and France attacked China after disputes over treaty terms and the arrest of British sailors.
What treaty ended the Second Opium War?
The Treaty of Tianjin (1858), followed by the Treaty of Beijing (1860).
What were the results of the Opium Wars for China?
Increased foreign influence, more ports opened, and weakened Qing control.
How did the Opium Wars affect China’s sovereignty?
China lost control over trade and had to accept foreign laws in certain areas.
Which countries fought against China in the Opium Wars?
Britain and France.
What are “Unequal Treaties”?
Treaties that forced China to give special privileges to foreign powers.
Name two unequal treaties China was forced to sign.
Treaty of Nanjing (1842) and Treaty of Tianjin (1858).
What was extraterritoriality, and how did it benefit foreigners?
Foreigners in China were tried under their own country’s laws, not Chinese laws.
What country benefited the most from the Treaty of Nanjing?
Britain.
What was the significance of the Treaty of Tianjin (1858)?
It allowed foreign embassies in Beijing and opened more trade ports.
How did the Treaty of Beijing (1860) impact China?
China ceded more land, including Kowloon, to Britain and legalized opium.
What did China lose in the Treaty of Nanjing?
Money, Hong Kong, and control over its own trade policies.
Which city became a British colony after the First Opium War?
Hong Kong.
How did the Unequal Treaties weaken China?
They gave foreigners control over trade and legal systems, reducing Qing power.
What role did Western powers play in enforcing Unequal Treaties?
They used military force to ensure China complied with the treaties.
Who led the Taiping Rebellion?
Hong Xiuquan.
What were the Taiping rebels fighting for?
Social reforms, equality, and the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty.
How was the Taiping Rebellion different from other uprisings?
It had a strong religious component and aimed to create a new kingdom.
What was the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?
A rebel state in southern China with its own laws and leadership.
What was one major belief of the Taiping movement?
Hong Xiuquan claimed to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ.
Why was the Taiping Rebellion one of the deadliest conflicts in history?
Over 20 million people died from battles, famine, and disease.
How did the Qing government defeat the Taiping rebels?
With help from Western-trained forces and local militias.
What role did foreign powers play in the Taiping Rebellion?
They supported the Qing Dynasty to protect their trade interests.
How did the Taiping Rebellion weaken the Qing Dynasty?
It drained resources and exposed the government’s weaknesses.
What were the long-term effects of the Taiping Rebellion on China?
Increased instability and a push for modernization.
Who were the Boxers, and what did they believe?
A secret society that opposed foreign influence and Christianity in China.
Why did the Boxers target foreigners and Christians in China?
They believed foreigners were weakening China and causing economic problems.
What was the slogan of the Boxers?
“Support the Qing, destroy the foreigners.”
What was the role of Empress Dowager Cixi in the Boxer Rebellion?
She initially supported the Boxers but later fled when foreign forces attacked Beijing.
How did foreign powers respond to the Boxer Rebellion?
They formed an international military alliance and invaded China.
What was the Boxer Protocol, and what were its consequences?
A treaty that forced China to pay massive reparations and allowed foreign troops in Beijing.
How did the Boxer Rebellion increase foreign control over China?
It led to stronger foreign military presence and more foreign influence in politics.
What was the impact of the Boxer Rebellion on Chinese nationalism?
It fueled resentment toward foreign powers and inspired later revolutions.
How did the Boxer Rebellion lead to more internal reforms in China?
The Qing government attempted modernization to strengthen China.
What countries were involved in the Eight-Nation Alliance that suppressed the Boxer Rebellion?
Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, the United States, Italy, and Austria-Hungary.
