Scottish wars of independence

Question 1

What were some problems with Margaret Maid of Norway being the heir?

Answer 1

Child mortality, regency, female, young and who she married

Question 2

What date did the Nobles hastily gather at scone to help with the problem of succession?

Answer 2

April 1286

Question 3

Who ruled Scotland while until Margaret or her husband took the throne and promised to work together for the good of the kingdom rather than individual benefit?

Answer 3

The Guardians of the Realm (two earls, two barons and two bishops)

Question 4

What was the name of the Guardian who was murdered in 1288 on suspicion of corruption?

Answer 4

Duncan Earl of Fife 1270/2-1288

Question 5

What did the treaty of Salisbury (1289) do?

Answer 5

Marriage treaty between Edward I’s son and Margaret Maid of Norway

Question 6

What did Edward demand in the treaty of Salisbury (1289)?

Answer 6

Edward demanded that Margaret be handed over to him to be raised in the English court, until Scotland was a safe place for her to return

Question 7

What did the treaty of Birgham (July 1290) do?

Answer 7

The treaty was used to be a safeguard to preserve Scotland’s independence

Question 8

What did the treaty of Birgham (July 1290) promise?

Answer 8

The treaty promised that Edward I would respect the borders between England and Scotland and each country would remain separate. Scottish laws, customs, rights and freedoms would be preserved. The Scottish church would remain free from the English church (many historians believe Edward had no intention of claiming over lordship at this time but he did seize the isle of man while agreeing to the treaty)

Question 9

when and where did Margaret die?

Answer 9

September 1290, on her way from Norway to Orkney

Question 10

Why did Bishop Fraser (one of the six guardians) write to Edward I begging him to help during the succession problem?

Answer 10

Fraser was afraid of civil war and ambitions of Robert Bruce

Question 11

When was the letter written by seven Scottish Earls written to ask Edward I to help judge between 13 claimants to the Scottish crown?

Answer 11

Winter of 1290 and 1921

Question 12

The scots nobles and clergy met Edward I at Norham near the border in May 1291 in where Edward surprised the guardians by demanding they accept him as their feudal overlord before he made a judgement. How did the guardians respond?

Answer 12

They argued that only the scots King could make such a decision

Question 13

What did Robert Bruce do while Edward was making a judgement during the succession problem?

Answer 13

Robert Bruce orchestrated the appeal of the seven Earls, a letter written in the name of the Scottish Earls stating their support for Bruce’s claim to the throne (however most historians agree that it was likely a piece of Bruce propaganda)

Question 14

Edward acted as a Lord and received oaths of fealty from the Scottish Nobility while an adjournment took pace during the Great Cause between what dates?

Answer 14

Between August 1291 and June 1292

Question 15

What did Edward do during the adjournment in the Great Cause that may have been evidence that he had an intention of ruling Scotland?

Answer 15

Edward requested English monasteries to search for evidence of England’s superiority over Scotland in the early months of 1291

Question 16

Who had the best claims out of the 13 claimants to the throne?

Answer 16

John Balliol, John of Hastings and Robert Bruce. All three were descendants of David, Earl of Huntington, a descendant of David I of Scotland

Question 17

In order to ensure he would be overlord of Scotland what did Edward I do?

Answer 17

Edward demanded the claimants accepted this before he would pass judgement

Question 18

What year was the Award of Norham agreed by?

Answer 18

12 June 1291

Question 19

Why did Edward enlist legal help from as far as Paris?

Answer 19

To set the correct precedent

Question 20

Who did Edward decide as the king of scotland?

Answer 20

John Balliol

Question 21

When was Edward I’s decision of who was kind made?

Answer 21

17th of November 1292

Question 22

Why did Balliol have the strongest legal claim to the throne?

Answer 22

Because of primogeniture

Question 23

When was John Balliol’s official inauguration as king of scots?

Answer 23

30th November 1292

Question 24

What was John’s inauguration at overshadowed by?

Answer 24

His oath of fealty to Edward I

Question 25

Edward I had John put an English man in an important position. What was this position?

Answer 25

John’s Chancellor

Question 26

What did Edward insist he would do that undermined John’s power?

Answer 26

He insisted that he would hear any complaints from John’s court humiliating John

Question 27

Who was the first to bring their complaints about John’s court to Edward and what year did they do so?

Answer 27

The burgess if Berwick in 1292

Question 28

When Edward found the complaint form the Burgess of Berwick to be in the Burgess’ favour what did John try to use as defence to Edward I overstepping his bounds and how did Edward respond?

Answer 28

John tried to use the treaty of Birgham to insist Edward was overstepping his bound but Edward replied stating it was null because the marriage between Margaret and his son never occurred. This embarrassed John

Question 29

Why did the Anglo-French war start?

Answer 29

The war started because of a clash over possession of Gascony and King Philips decision to confiscate it from the English King.

Question 30

What did Edward I order King John to do in June of 1294 ?

Answer 30

Assemble 10 earls and 16 barons with their retinues at Portsmouth in September in order to fight against the French under English banners

Question 31

After Edward I ordered Scotland to help against France a new council of Guardians was appointed. What was the size of this council?

Answer 31

12 guardians (Four earls, four baron and four bishops) most hailed from the Comyn side

Question 32

Why was Scotland against fighting with English against France?

Answer 32

Scotland was already friendly with France and no other Scottish king had ever served under the English banners so blatantly which showed that Edward saw Scotland as lowly

Question 33

What year did France and Scotland agree to an Alliance?

Answer 33

1296

Question 34

What was included in the treaty between Scotland and France?

Answer 34

A marriage between Balliol’s son and the niece of Philip of France

Question 35

Why couldn’t Edward I deal with Scotland immediately after the treaty?

Answer 35

He was busy putting down a Welsh rebellion led by Madog Llywelyn

Question 36

What did the Scots ask the pope to do after allying with France?

Answer 36

The Scots asked the pope to cancel all agreements they made with Edward I, arguing they had been achieved through bullying and threats

Question 37

John had assumed the submission to Edward was temporary but this didn’t seem to be the case as there was a formal ceremony where and what year?

Answer 37

Newcastle 1292

Question 38

After the Scots allied with France what did Edward I do and in what year?

Answer 38

crossed Tweed in early march 1296 and proceeded to siege Berwick slaughtering the resident taking three days

Question 39

The scots army was waiting for Edward at Dunbar castle what did the Earl of Dunbar do?

Answer 39

The earl of Dunbar rushed to Berwick to sign with the English king while his wife handed the keep to the Scots

Question 40

One third of the English forces advanced to lay siege to Dunbar Castle led by Werenne, the earl of Surrey prepared to meet the Scots head-on what was the quality difference in the two armies?

Answer 40

The Scots Army lacked and real quality or experience where as Surreys troops were all Veterans and well equipped

Question 41

What did the Scots mistake as Surrey retreating leading to them giving up the height advantage leading them losing the battle at Dunbar?

Answer 41

Surrey repositioning his troops

Question 42

How many scots nobles were captured at dunbar?

Answer 42

130

Question 43

What was the final straw before edinburgh castle surrendered?

Answer 43

new siege engines

Question 44

What happened after 27th april 1296?

Answer 44

Edward recieved homage from the scots and removed scottish records and stone of destiny from scotland

Question 45

What happened on 10th of july 1296?

Answer 45

Balliol surrendered at stracathro. He is forced to denounce his alliance with france renounce his kingdom and stripped of his royal vestments

Question 46

what happened on the 22nd of august?

Answer 46

parliament at berwick where earl of surrey becomes lieutenant of scotland, hugh cressingham becomes treasurer of scotland, 30 english sheriffs appointed and english exchequer and justiciar

Question 47

What year did andrew murray manage to escape english captivity and what did he do after escaping?

Answer 47

may 1297. he raised a rebellion after returning to his familial lands leading to the removal of all english garissons north of the river tay

Question 48

where did wallace and sir william douglaslead his men in a raid and what did they achieve?

Answer 48

they lead a raid across dumfriesshire and they captured castles and killed english supporters before turning north to attack the english justicar

Question 49

nobles raised there own rebellion which didnt last long when and where did the nobles surrender?

Answer 49

7th july 1297 Irvine