SCOTTISH RULES

Question 1

[ɹ]

Answer 1

• [ɹ] becomes [ɾ] tapped or [r] trilled
• R-sound is sometimes dropped
• [ə] is inserted between an [ɾ]/[r] and an m

Question 2

[ŋ]

Answer 2

• [ŋ] becomes [n] for “-ing” endings

Question 3

[t]

Answer 3

[t] becomes [ʔ]

• between vowels
• post-vocalically
• at the middle or end of a word
• unless it begins a stressed syllable
• or follows a consonant

Question 4

[t] and [d] (beginning of word)

Answer 4

• dentalized (tongue pops on the back of the upper teeth instead of the alveolar ridge)
• use the blade, not the tip of tongue

Question 5

[θ] and [ð]

Answer 5

• always use [θ]

Question 6

[l] consonant

Answer 6

• [l] becomes [ɫ] or [ʟ] (velarized aka “moved to the back of the throat”

Question 7

[χ] and [ç]

Answer 7

• voiceless fricatives created in the back of the mouth (uvular and palatal, respectively), the final sound similar to that of German Ich [χ]

Question 8

/wh/

Answer 8

• /wh/ words are ASPIRATED ([ʍ] and [hw] and [hʍ] and [ʝʍ])
• don’t use on /wh/ words that are pronounced [h] (who, whose, whole)
• don’t use on words simply spelled /w/ rather than /wh/ (welcome, warm)

Question 9

FULL consonant sounds list (8)

Answer 9

[ɹ]
 [ŋ]
 [t] 
 [t] and [d] (beginning of word)
 [θ] and [ð]
 [l]
 /wh/
x and ç

Question 10

[ɪ] vowel

Answer 10

[ɪ] becomes [ɛ] or [ə]

Question 11

[ɝ] spelled er (her) or ear (heard)

Answer 11

[ɝ] spelled er or ear (in words like her or heard) becomes [ɛ] (making them sound like “hair” or “haired”)

Question 12

[ɝ] spelled ir (first), ur (bratwurst), or or (word)

Answer 12

[ɝ] spelled ir (first), ur (bratwurst), or or (word) becomes [ə], meaning heard and word don’t rhyme

Question 13

[æ] DANCE

Answer 13

[æ] DANCE becomes [a]

Question 14

[ɒ]

Answer 14

[ɒ] becomes short o̝

Question 15

[iː]

Answer 15

[iː] becomes [e]

Question 16

[ɛ]

Answer 16

[ɛ] becomes [eː] (one of the few Scottish vowels that is lengthened)

Question 17

[oʊ] when spelled “old”

Answer 17

[oʊ] when spelled “old” becomes [a]

Question 18

[eɪ]

Answer 18

[eɪ] becomes pure vowel [eː] or [iː]

Question 19

[oʊ]

Answer 19

[oʊ] becomes pure vowel [oː] going toward [o̝] and [uː]

Question 20

[ɪə]

Answer 20

[ɪə] becomes [iː]

Question 21

[aɪ]

Answer 21

[aɪ] becomes [ʌɪ] or [eː]

Question 22

[aʊ]

Answer 22

[aʊ] becomes [æʊ], [ɛʊ], [ʊ] or [uː]

Question 23

[ɔɪ]

Answer 23

[ɔɪ] to [oi]

Question 24

FULL vowels and diphthongs (20)

Answer 24

1. [iː] becomes [e]
2. [ɪ] becomes [ɛ] or [ə]
3. [ɪə] becomes [iː]
4. [eɪ] becomes pure vowel [eː] or [iː]
5. [ɛ] becomes [e] (one of the few Scottish vowels that is lengthened)
6. [æ] CAN becomes [a]
7. [æ] DANCE becomes [a]
8. [aɪ] becomes [ʌɪ] or [eː]
9. [aʊ] becomes [æʊ], [ɛʊ], [ʊ] or [u]
10. [ɑː] become [a]
11. [ɒ] becomes short o̝
12. [ʌ] becomes [ʉ]
13. [ɔː] becomes short o̝
14. [ɔɪ] to [oi]
15. [oʊ] becomes pure vowel [oː] going toward [o̝] and [uː]
16. [oʊ] when spelled “old” becomes [a]
17. [uː] becomes [y] and sometimes [ʊ]
18. [ʊ] becomes [uː] or [ʉ]
19. [ɝ] spelled er or ear (in words like her or heard) becomes [ɛ] (making them sound like “hair” or “haired”)
20. [ɝ] spelled ir (first), ur (bratwurst), or or (word) becomes [ə], meaning heard and word don’t rhyme

Question 25

about

Answer 25

[əˈbuːt]

Question 26

aunt

Answer 26

[ant]

Question 27

yes

Answer 27

spelled aye, pronounced [ɐə]

Question 28

child

Answer 28

spelled bairn, pronounced [bɛɾn]

Question 29

beautiful, pretty

Answer 29

bonny

Question 30

bright

Answer 30

[bɾɪçt]

Question 31

by

Answer 31

[bɪ]

Question 32

decent

Answer 32

[ˈdeː.sənt]

Question 33

do not

Answer 33

(dinna) [ˈdɪn.ə]

Question 34

a bit

Answer 34

spelled dram, pronounced [dɾam]

Question 35

each

Answer 35

[et͡ʃ]

Question 36

film

Answer 36

[ˈfɛ.ɫəm]

Question 37

know

Answer 37

spelled ken, pronounced [kɛn]

Question 38

church

Answer 38

spelled kirk, pronounced [kɛɾk]

Question 39

language

Answer 39

[ɫaŋ.wəd͡ʒ]

Question 40

light

Answer 40

[ɫɪçt]

Question 41

lake

Answer 41

(loch) [ɫaχ]

Question 42

my

Answer 42

[mɪ]

Question 43

people

Answer 43

[ˈpe.pəɫ]

Question 44

sure

Answer 44

[ʃʊr]

Question 45

tea

Answer 45

[teː]

Question 46

to

Answer 46

[tə] or [te], tae

Question 47

um

Answer 47

ɛm, ɛh

Question 48

you

Answer 48

[ja], [jə], ye

Question 49

brave or fine

Answer 49

braw (as in she’s a braw lassie)

Question 50

no

Answer 50

nae (as in I have nae money)

Question 51

boy

Answer 51

laddie

Question 52

girl

Answer 52

lassie

Question 53

go

Answer 53

gang

Question 54

little

Answer 54

wee

Question 55

have

Answer 55

hae

Question 56

from

Answer 56

frae

Question 57

away

Answer 57

awa’

Question 58

with

Answer 58

wi’

Question 59

has not

Answer 59

hasna

Question 60

would not

Answer 60

wouldna

Question 61

could not

Answer 61

couldna

Question 62

did not

Answer 62

dinna, didna

Question 63

cannot

Answer 63

canna

Question 64

[ɔː]

Answer 64

[ɔː] becomes short o̝

Question 65

[ɑː]

Answer 65

[ɑː] becomes [a]

Question 66

[æ] CAN

Answer 66

[æ] CAN becomes [a]

Question 67

home (location specific)

Answer 67

hame

Question 68

long (location specific)

Answer 68

lang

Question 69

wrong (location specific)

Answer 69

wrang

Question 70

no (location specific)

Answer 70

nae

Question 71

old (location specific)

Answer 71

auld

Question 72

good (location specific)

Answer 72

guid

Question 73

[uː]

Answer 73

[uː] becomes [y] and sometimes [ʊ]

Question 74

[ʊ]

Answer 74

[ʊ] becomes [uː] or [ʉ]