SCOTTISH RULES Flashcards
[ɹ]
- [ɹ] becomes [ɾ] tapped or [r] trilled
- R-sound is sometimes dropped
- [ə] is inserted between an [ɾ]/[r] and an m
[ŋ]
- [ŋ] becomes [n] for “-ing” endings
[t]
[t] becomes [ʔ]
- between vowels
- post-vocalically
- at the middle or end of a word
- unless it begins a stressed syllable
- or follows a consonant
[t] and [d] (beginning of word)
- dentalized (tongue pops on the back of the upper teeth instead of the alveolar ridge)
- use the blade, not the tip of tongue
[θ] and [ð]
- always use [θ]
[l] consonant
- [l] becomes [ɫ] or [ʟ] (velarized aka “moved to the back of the throat”
[χ] and [ç]
- voiceless fricatives created in the back of the mouth (uvular and palatal, respectively), the final sound similar to that of German Ich [χ]
/wh/
- /wh/ words are ASPIRATED ([ʍ] and [hw] and [hʍ] and [ʝʍ])
- don’t use on /wh/ words that are pronounced [h] (who, whose, whole)
- don’t use on words simply spelled /w/ rather than /wh/ (welcome, warm)
FULL consonant sounds list (8)
[ɹ] [ŋ] [t] [t] and [d] (beginning of word) [θ] and [ð] [l] /wh/ x and ç
[ɪ] vowel
[ɪ] becomes [ɛ] or [ə]
[ɝ] spelled er (her) or ear (heard)
[ɝ] spelled er or ear (in words like her or heard) becomes [ɛ] (making them sound like “hair” or “haired”)
[ɝ] spelled ir (first), ur (bratwurst), or or (word)
[ɝ] spelled ir (first), ur (bratwurst), or or (word) becomes [ə], meaning heard and word don’t rhyme
[æ] DANCE
[æ] DANCE becomes [a]
[ɒ]
[ɒ] becomes short o̝
[iː]
[iː] becomes [e]
[ɛ]
[ɛ] becomes [eː] (one of the few Scottish vowels that is lengthened)
[oʊ] when spelled “old”
[oʊ] when spelled “old” becomes [a]
[eɪ]
[eɪ] becomes pure vowel [eː] or [iː]
[oʊ]
[oʊ] becomes pure vowel [oː] going toward [o̝] and [uː]
[ɪə]
[ɪə] becomes [iː]
[aɪ]
[aɪ] becomes [ʌɪ] or [eː]
[aʊ]
[aʊ] becomes [æʊ], [ɛʊ], [ʊ] or [uː]
[ɔɪ]
[ɔɪ] to [oi]
FULL vowels and diphthongs (20)
- [iː] becomes [e]
- [ɪ] becomes [ɛ] or [ə]
- [ɪə] becomes [iː]
- [eɪ] becomes pure vowel [eː] or [iː]
- [ɛ] becomes [e] (one of the few Scottish vowels that is lengthened)
- [æ] CAN becomes [a]
- [æ] DANCE becomes [a]
- [aɪ] becomes [ʌɪ] or [eː]
- [aʊ] becomes [æʊ], [ɛʊ], [ʊ] or [u]
- [ɑː] become [a]
- [ɒ] becomes short o̝
- [ʌ] becomes [ʉ]
- [ɔː] becomes short o̝
- [ɔɪ] to [oi]
- [oʊ] becomes pure vowel [oː] going toward [o̝] and [uː]
- [oʊ] when spelled “old” becomes [a]
- [uː] becomes [y] and sometimes [ʊ]
- [ʊ] becomes [uː] or [ʉ]
- [ɝ] spelled er or ear (in words like her or heard) becomes [ɛ] (making them sound like “hair” or “haired”)
- [ɝ] spelled ir (first), ur (bratwurst), or or (word) becomes [ə], meaning heard and word don’t rhyme
about
[əˈbuːt]
aunt
[ant]
yes
spelled aye, pronounced [ɐə]
child
spelled bairn, pronounced [bɛɾn]
beautiful, pretty
bonny
bright
[bɾɪçt]
by
[bɪ]
decent
[ˈdeː.sənt]
do not
(dinna) [ˈdɪn.ə]
a bit
spelled dram, pronounced [dɾam]
each
[et͡ʃ]
film
[ˈfɛ.ɫəm]
know
spelled ken, pronounced [kɛn]
church
spelled kirk, pronounced [kɛɾk]
language
[ɫaŋ.wəd͡ʒ]
light
[ɫɪçt]
lake
(loch) [ɫaχ]
my
[mɪ]
people
[ˈpe.pəɫ]
sure
[ʃʊr]
tea
[teː]
to
[tə] or [te], tae
um
ɛm, ɛh
you
[ja], [jə], ye
brave or fine
braw (as in she’s a braw lassie)
no
nae (as in I have nae money)
boy
laddie
girl
lassie
go
gang
little
wee
have
hae
from
frae
away
awa’
with
wi’
has not
hasna
would not
wouldna
could not
couldna
did not
dinna, didna
cannot
canna
[ɔː]
[ɔː] becomes short o̝
[ɑː]
[ɑː] becomes [a]
[æ] CAN
[æ] CAN becomes [a]
home (location specific)
hame
long (location specific)
lang
wrong (location specific)
wrang
no (location specific)
nae
old (location specific)
auld
good (location specific)
guid
[uː]
[uː] becomes [y] and sometimes [ʊ]
[ʊ]
[ʊ] becomes [uː] or [ʉ]
