Scope, Taxonomy, & Morphology Flashcards
5 branches of studies under microbiology
- Bacteriology
- Virology
- Mycology
- Parasitology
- Immunology
minute unicellular organisms that have all the necessary protoplasmic equipment for growth and self-multiplication at the expense of available food
Bacteria
Why are viruses said to be simple in terms of structure?
They only have 2 parts:
- nucleic acid
- capsid (protein coat)
viruses that can infect bacteria
Bacteriophages
2 forms of fungi
- yeast (unicellular)
- mold (multicellular)
organism that causes tinea versicolor
Malassezia furfur
*spaghetti & meatballs under the microscope :D
area of biologic science comprising of 3 distinct but highly interrelated disciplines (classification, nomenclature, identification)
Taxonomy
True or False
In classification, organisms with similar morphology, physiology, and genetic traits are organized into specific groups
True
a collection of bacterial strains that share many common physiologic and genetic features
Species
designations given to groups below the subspecies that share specific but relatively minor characteristics
- biotype - biochemical
- serotype - antigen-antibody
- phagotype - action of species’ specific bacteriophage strain
comprised of different species with several important common features but differ sufficiently to maintain individual species status
Genus
developed the binomial system of nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus
involves tests whose results serve as clues that will give the name of the organism
Identification
2 categories of identification
- genotypic characteristics
- phenotypic characteristics
2 criteria for genotypic characteristics
- DNA base composition ratio
- nucleic acid base sequence analysis or homology
8 criteria for phenotypic characteristics
- microscopic morphology
- staining characteristics
- environmental requirements
- nutritional requirements
- macroscopic morphology
- subcellular properties
- resistance profiles
- antigenic properties
developed the theory that all living things are composed of cells
Theodore Schwann and Mathias Schleiden
undifferentiated unicellular organisms that do not form specialized tissues and organ systems
Protists
4 functions living cells are capable of
- growing
- reproducing
- responding to stimuli
- metabolizing
2 groups of protists
- prokaryotes
- eukaryotes
group of protists without a membrane surrounding the DNA and organelles
Prokaryotes
2 types of prokaryotes
- bacteria
- archaea
differences between bacteria and archaea
- nucleotide sequence of rRNA
- type of lipids in cytoplasmic membrane
- cell wall chemistry
group of protists with a membrane surrounding the DNA (nucleus) and membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotes
5 types of eukaryotes
- algae
- protozoa
- fungi
- animals
- plants
discovered 3 basic types of ribosomes which led to the proposal of a new classification scheme with the new taxon - domain
Carl Woese
3 domains
- Eukarya
- Bacteria
- Archaea
3 basic shapes of bacteria
- coccus (round)
- bacillus (long, fusiform)
- spiral
Coccus subtypes
- diplococci
- streptococci
- staphylococci
- tetrad
- sarcina
cocci in pairs (2 round cells facing each other)
Diplococci
2 examples of diplococci and their shape
- Streptococcus pneumoniae - lanceolate
2. Neisseria gonorrhoeae - coffee bean
cocci in chains which look like beads on a string
Streptococci
example of streptococci
Streptococcus pyogenes (agent of bacterial tonsilitis)
cocci in grapelike or irregular clusters
Staphylococci
example of staphylococci
Staphylococcus aureus
cocci in groups of four
Tetrad
example of tetrad
Gaffkya tetragena
cocci in cubical packets of 8 cells
Sarcina
example of sarcina
Sarcina lutea (causes body odor)
Bacilli subtypes
- diplobacilli
- streptobacilli
- coccobacilli
- vibrio
bacilli in pairs
Diplobacilli
special arrangements of diplobacilli
- snapping \/
- slipping //
example of slipping diplobacilli
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
bacilli in chains
Streptobacilli
example of streptobacilli
Bacillus subtilis (contains spaces called spores)
short, plump or thick, oval bacilli
Coccobacilli
example of coccobacilli
Escherichia coli (causes traveller’s diarrhea)
comma-shaped bacilli
Vibrio
example of vibrio
Vibrio cholerae
Spiral subtypes
- spirillum
- spirochete
spiral organism with long axes that remain rigid when in motion
Spirillum
example of spirillum
Campylobacter jejuni (looks like a bird in flight, r, s, or n under the microscope)
spiral organism with long axes that bend when in motion
Spirochete
3 genera of spirochetes and
- Genus Treponema (corkscrew)
- T. pallidum - Genus Leptospira (hook-like ends)
- L. interrogans - Genus Borrelia (undulating)
- B. burgdorferi
smallest known pathogenic bacilli which causes bacterial meningitis in children
Haemophilus influenzae
largest known pathogenic bacilli which causes anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
bacteria with an average size of 0.4-2 µm
Cocci
bacteria with an average size of 0.2-4 µm x 0.5-20 µm
Bacilli
bacteria with an average length of 1-14 µm
Spirals
