Scoliosis

Question 1

Adolescent scoliosis affects mainly ________ and is mainly a ________ convexity (90%).

Answer 1

Girls, right sided thoracic

Question 2

Juvenile scoliosis affects mainly ________ and is mainly a ________ convexity.

Answer 2

Girls, right sided thoracic

Question 3

The two main types of scoliosis are ________ and ________.

Answer 3

Nonstructural/functional, structural

Question 4

In nonstructural/functional scoliosis, the curve is ________ and the curve corrects itself when side bending ________ the convexity.

Answer 4

Flexible, towards

Question 5

Nonstructural/functional scoliosis is also known as ________ or ________. ________ refers to slight deviations that correct voluntarily and disappear with movement, while ________ is due to an underlying condition (shorter leg).

Answer 5

Postural, compensatory, postural, compensatory

Question 6

In structural scoliosis, the curve is ________ and the curve ________ be voluntarily straightened.

Answer 6

Not flexible, cannot

Question 7

Researches were able to induce scoliosis in Zebra fish by mutating the ________ or ________ cilia genes. When the gene was repaired, they were able to ________ curves from forming.

Answer 7

c21, f59, prevent

Question 8

A major etiology of scoliosis is thought to be ________.

Answer 8

Genetics

Question 9

________ makes up for 80% of all structural scoliosis and at least ________ percent have a genetic etiologic basis.

Answer 9

Idiopathic, 90%

Question 10

The three classifications of structural scoliosis are ________, ________, and ________.

Answer 10

Idiopathic, congenital, neuromuscular

Question 11

Abnormalities in the ________ often lead to congenital scoliosis.

Answer 11

Chondrification centers

Question 12

________ is defined as a lateral curve of the spine greater than 10 degrees associated with vertebral rotation.

Answer 12

Scoliosis

Question 13

In addition to chondrification center defects, those with congenital scoliosis may also have ________ defects.

Answer 13

Genitourinary (20-40%)

Question 14

Failure of segmentation can result in a _______ or a ________.

Answer 14

Congenital bar (40%), block vertebra

Question 15

Neurological theories suggest that AIS patients may have lower levels of ________ and that children with idiopathic scoliosis may have a ________ deficit.

Answer 15

Cerebellar tonsillar, vestibular

Question 16

The biomechanical theory of scoliosis is based on the ________ principle that suggests unequal ________ will cause change in vertebral bodies and cause wedging of the vertebrae.

Answer 16

Hueter-Volkmann, pressure

Question 17

Idiopathic scoliosis can be further broken down into ________, ________, and ________.

Answer 17

Infantile (0-3), juvenile (3-9), adolescent (>10)

Question 18

A right ________ curve is the most common type of curve, followed by a right ________ curve.

Answer 18

Thoracic, thoracolumbar

Question 19

Failure of formation can result in a ________ or a ________.

Answer 19

Hemivertebra (30%), wedge vertebra

Question 20

________ percent of scoliosis is idiopathic.

Answer 20

80%

Question 21

Congenital spine deformities can be caused by failure of ________ development.

Answer 21

Bone

Question 22

The main way to tell the difference between NS/F and S scoliosis is that the curve ________ in NS/F and ________ in S.

Answer 22

Corrects, does not correct

Question 23

Although the inheritance pattern of scoliosis is unclear, ________ patients have a positive family history.

Answer 23

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS)

Question 24

Children with congenital scoliosis who are surgical candidates need extensive ________ and ________ evaluations.

Answer 24

Cardiopulmonary, genitourinary

Question 25

Scoliosis is described by the side to which its ________ is directed.

Answer 25

Convexity

Question 26

Infantile scoliosis affects mainly ________ and is mainly a ________ convexity.

Answer 26

Boys, left sided thoracic

Question 27

Scoliosis can ________ even after skeletal maturity is achieved.

Answer 27

Progress

Question 28

________ percent of scoliosis is due to neuromuscular, syndromic, or congenital disorders.

Answer 28

20%

Question 29

________ can be described as a posterior convexity or an anterior concavity.

Answer 29

Kyphosis

Question 30

Of the three causes of scoliosis, ________ is the worst one to have.

Answer 30

Neuromuscular

Question 31

________ can be described as an anterior convexity or a posterior concavity.

Answer 31

Lordosis

Question 32

Congenital kyphosis can be caused by failure of ________ or failure of ________.

Answer 32

Formation, segmentation