Scientific Tools Flashcards
Theory
A supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained.
Hypothesis
A proposition set forth as an explanation for the occurrence of some specified group of phenomena.
Data
Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis.
Observation
The action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information.
Inference
A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning.
Independent variable
The variable that is changed in the experiment.
Dependent variable
The variable in a functional relation whose value is dependent upon, or influenced by, an independent variable.
Control group
A group in a scientific experiment where the factor being tested is not applied so that it may serve as a standard for comparison against another group where the factor is applied.
Experimental group
A group in a scientific experiment where the factor being tested is not applied so that it may serve as a standard for comparison against another group where the factor is applied.
Controlled variables (constants)
A variable that remains unchanged or held constant to prevent its effects on the outcome and therefore may verify the behavior of and the relationship between independent and dependent variables.
Descriptive research design
Observe and described the behavior of a subject without influencing it in any way.
Comparative Research Design
Allows a linkage between factors being identified. Often times, the general term “correlation” is used.
Experimental Research Design
Support or disprove a hypothesis with statistical analysis pay attention to quantitative data.
Empirical
Depending upon experience or observation alone, without due regard to science and theory; said especially of medical practice, remedies, etc.; wanting in science and deep insight; as, empiric skill, remedies. Empirical formula.
Tentative
Of the nature of or made or done as a trial, experiment, or attempt; experimental.
Quantitative Data
Deals with numbers.
Data which can be measured.
Length, height, area, volume, weight, speed, time, temperature, humidity, sound levels, cost, members, ages, etc.
Quantitative → Quantity
Qualitative Data
Deals with descriptions.
Data can be observed but not measured.
Colors, textures, smells, tastes, appearance, beauty, etc.
Qualitative → Quality
Mean
Intend to convey, indicate, or refer to (a particular thing or notion); signify.
Median
Denoting or relating to a value or quantity lying at the midpoint of a frequency distribution of observed values or quantities, such that there is an equal probability of falling above or below it.
Range
The difference between the lowest and highest values.
