Scientific Processes 2 Flashcards

Question

who will conduct the peer review? | peer review

Answer 1

an expert in the field

Answer 2

report read by expert anonymously and comments are made about if it should be reviewed, sent to publishing, or not sent at all.

Answer 3

the paper describes a poorly conducted study, the research conducted was inadequate, the literature review is inadequate, the paper has methodological problems, the sample is problematic

Answer 4

if it contained poor quality research, it may have implications on society or individuals, becoming part of mainstream thinking -> damage intergrity of field.

Answer 5

S: high quality control mechanism (ensures only hightes quality released publically); prevents scientific fraud L: if anonymity is not maintained experts with a conflict of interest might not approve research to further their own reputation or career; may lead to file drawer effect.

Answer 6

as only statistically significant findings are published, findings that challenge existing understanding might be overlooked as they are not published.

Answer 7

the research's findings can be applied by governments/businesses to improve the economy.

Answer 8

- a more psychologically healthy population cna be more productive + producing more goods - the cosumption of goods is dependant on an able population - tax revenue that pays for public services is dependent on people buying the resulting goods from productive people.

Answer 9

Bowlby's CP, Rutter's Orphans and Ainsworth all demonstarted how development can be affected by deprivation. - Midwives use knowledge of developmental needs to give informed advice to expectant mothers to ensure child has best possible start to life -> no need for public services. - Adoption agencies now prioritise quick placements for infants to prevent more money than needed being given by the public services. - Role of the father has enabled the gender pay gap to close and for mother’s to return back to work quickly after birth -> more economically active mothers (less chance of PPD and so less money on MH support) and less money on nursery fees.

Answer 10

Loftus and Palmer's reserach into EWT led to improvements e.g. cognitive interview. led to less chance of miscarriage of justice -> less money is being spent on trials, keeping prisons to standard, appeals, retrials and possible financial compensation for the wrongly accused. beneficial to the economy and tax payers.

Answer 11

research into neurotransmitters has led to developments in drug therapies e.g. SSRIs * led to less MH support being sought after -> cheaper for NHS (funded publicly) * feel more able/well enough to go to work and therefore there is more productivity which stimulates the economy by generating more goods to be bought by others. ## Footnote stress, psychopathology

Answer 12

Duck's Breakdown Model has enabled effective couple’s therapy strategies to be devised led to more relationships being ‘fixed’ which means less money is being spent in holding divorce cases in court and less money being spent on building houses to house more individuals.

Answer 13

the consistency of the study or a measuring device used in the study.

Answer 14

when the study can be replicated (same procedure and same measures give same results time and time again)

Answer 15

the extent to which a study can be replicated

Answer 16

test-retest reliability.

Answer 17

the study is conducted, then conducted again and again and again

Answer 18

the scores from the original and repeats are correlated using a statistical method e.g. Pearson’s. - a positive correlation between the scores indicates good test-retest reliability, suggesting the test yields consistent results over time.

Answer 19

S: can determine the extent to which items are replicable or consistent over time. L: takes a long time -> reliability can be influenced by the time interval e.g. events. - timing of the test is important; if gap is too brief ppts may recall information from the first = bias the results.

Answer 20

the consistency and agreement between individuals scoring or evaluating the same items or behaviors.

Answer 21

observation records made by all observers are compared and correlated: - positive correlation indicates good reliability in the observations made.

Answer 22

1. train observers in the observation techniques used and ensure everyone agrees. 2. ensuring behaviour categories have been operationalized.

Answer 23

the how well different items on a measure (e.g. questionnaires) that are intended to measure the same construct produce similar scores.

Answer 24

split half reliability

Answer 25

test or questionnaire split into two halves. each half is scored/used separately. the scores are correlated using a statistical method, often Pearson’s correlation.

Answer 26

a strong posiitve correlation indicates good reliability between the questionnaires/tests.

Answer 27

S: quick and easy way to establish reliability L: can only be effective with large questionnaires where all questions measure the same construct.

Answer 28

the extent to which a test or measurement tool accurately measures what it’s intended to measure.

Answer 29

can the study design, conduction, and analysis answer the research questions without bias?

Answer 30

can the results of a study be generalized to other settings, people and over time?

Answer 31

does the test or study do/measure what it claims to do?

Answer 32

- ask other people to review your design and measure and gauge their suitability for the study's aims. - change anything they deem unsuitable

Answer 33

the extent to which a new unvalidated measure compares to a previously validated measure. - a positive correlation suggest new has validity too.

Answer 34

- comparing a new test with an existing test to see if they produce similar results. - use up to date data, create standardised procedure, use design techniques to reduce the chance of conflicting updates

Answer 35

if the 'benchmark' test is flawed, the new unvalidated will have same flaws is storng postive correlation also involves a degree of subjectivity

Answer 36

the extent to which findings can be generalised to other people, situations and times outside the study.

Answer 37

- examine whether the findings of the study can be generalised - select conditions that reflect real-world experiences, use naturalistic settings, and including diverse populations, use observational techniques.

Answer 38

the extent to which the findings hold true over time -> if replicate in 50 years, will we get the same results?

Answer 39

- replicate study and see if the results are similar - conducted study repeatedly across different times to ensure results are reflective.

Answer 40

researchers not letting their personal biases affect the results of studies in order for empirical evidence to be drawn from their observations.

Answer 41

to use of objective observation, experimentation and measurement to draw conclusions and propose theories.

Answer 42

the ability to repeat psychological studies in order to check that the findings are valid and reliable.

Answer 43

Karl Popper (1934) argued that in order for a theory to be truly scientific, it must be possible to be proved wrong. theories that survive repeated attempts to be proved wrong are very likely to be true.

Answer 44

- begins with an observation of a problem - leads to the development of an hypothesis - studies designed to test hypothesis and evidence gathered - evidence will either accept or reject the null hypothesis - if data constantly supports hypothesis, a theory is developed and will later become scientific law

Answer 45

a general law or theory that is accepted by the majority.

Answer 46

over time evidence against the paradigm will accumulate and eventually a new theory becomes the paradigm.

Answer 47

3 stages: 1. **pre science** - variety of theories attempting to explain something. 2. **normal science** - a paradigm emerges 3. **revolutionary science** - a paradigm shift occurs.

Answer 48

the psychologist must write up a report for publication to communicate their findings to others.

Answer 49

1. title 2. abstract 3. introduction 4. method 5. results 6. discussion 7. references

Answer 50

a concise indication of the focus and main variables of study

Answer 51

a brief summary of the study's aims, method, findings and conclusion **written last**

Answer 52

introduces the background literature and research relevant to the study. provides a context.

Answer 53

describes in detail how the investigation was carried out -> allows for replicability includes: experimental design, ppt selection, materials used and procedure

Answer 54

where the findings of the study are reported; usually includes descriptive statistics. may include statement signalling if hypothesis was supported or not.

Answer 55

where explanation of findings and context of background research is found. will also have critical assessment of study e.g. limitations that affect validity etc.

Answer 56

all research cited in report must be alphabetically listed to help readers find same information.