Scientific processes

Question 1

What is ethical guidlines

Answer 1

Designed to protect the well being and dignitity of research P’s

Question 2

for example consent and deception ect

What are the guidlines pyschologist has to follow

Answer 2

• Consent
• Deception
• Debriefing
• Withdrawl from the investigation
• confidentiality
• protection of P’s
• observational research

Question 3

Dilema for researcher

What are the dilema of deception and informed consent

Answer 3

• If the P’s are not deceived about the true aims of the study they will show the effects of demand characteristics
• The dilema for researcher is to design research that portrays human behaviour while at the same time making sure they arent breaching ethical guidlines

Question 4

What is a cost benefit analysis and con of this

Answer 4

This is where researcher try to balance out the potential benefits against potential cost but it is almost impossible to calculate the cost and benefits as researcher can’t always predict

Question 5

What is presumptive consent

Answer 5

Presumptive consent is where the “P’s” who are going to be studied are informed of the deatils of the study and asked “if they were to participate” would they consider the research acceptable

Question 6

What is prior general consent and give an example

Answer 6

• This involve asking questions of people who have volunteered to participate before they are selected
• For example “Would you mind being involved in a study where you are deceived?”

Question 7

what are the ethical issues of Field experiments

Answer 7

A ethical of field experiments is that it is hard to obtain informed consent also it can be hard to de breif the P’s

Question 8

Confidentiallity, social variables

What are the ethical issues of a natural experiment

Answer 8

Confidentiallity can be a problem as the sample studied might be identifiable. Naturally occuring social variables are studied for example income and race and can raise ethical issues

Question 9

What is a research aim

Answer 9

A research aim is a general statmement of the purpose of the study and make a clear point what they intend to investigate

Question 10

What is a hypothesis

Answer 10

A hypothesis is a guess that the researcher belevies to be true about the target population

Question 11

What is null hypothesis

Answer 11

This is when there is no difference and no correlation, the IV does not affect the DV

Question 12

One tailed

What is a directional hypothesis

Answer 12

This is known as a one tailed hypothesis and it predicts the direction the results are going to go, this is used when previous researcher suggest there is a clear predicition

Question 13

two tailed hypothesis

What is a non directional hypothesis

Answer 13

This is also known as a two tailed hypothesis because even though the researcher expect the IV will effect the DV they are not sure how

Question 14

What is random sampling

Answer 14

This is when the researcher selects random people from a certain population using a hat method or a computer

Question 15

Strength and weakness of random sampling

Answer 15

• Strength - True sample avoids bias
• Weakness - Impossible to obtain a 100% random sample

Question 16

What is opportunity sampling

Answer 16

Ask whoever is avaliable and willing to participate

Question 17

Weakness and strength of opportunity sampling

Answer 17

• Strength - Researcher can quickly and inexpensively acquire a sample
• Weakness - opportunity samples are almost always biases

Question 18

What is volunteer sampling

Answer 18

P’s volunteer to participate for example by responding for advertisemnts

Question 19

Strength and weakenss of volunteer sampling

Answer 19

• Strength - P’s given an informed consent will be less likely to withdraw
• Weakenss - The sample might be bias sample that is not repersentive to a large population because volunteer might be different

Question 20

What is systematic sampling

Answer 20

P’s are selected in a systematic way from the target population

Question 21

What is stratified sampling

Answer 21

The researcher identifies the different types of people that make up the target population and works out the proportion needed to make it repersenative

Question 22

Weakness and strength of stratified sampling

Answer 22

• Strength - The sample is high repesantive of the target population therefore you can generalise
• Weakness - Time consuming and difficult