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A - Level AQA Psychology (Component 2) > Research methods > Flashcards

Research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is quantitative data

A

This is data collected as numbers

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2
Q

What is qualititative data

A

Data that is collected as descriptions

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3
Q

What is an Independent vatiable

A

Variable that is changed or manipulated between experimental conditions

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4
Q

What is an Dependent variable

A

This is the effect of the IV or what is measured in the experiment

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5
Q

What is a laboratory experiment

A

Method of research where researcher control all the variable, expect for the IV which they are manipulating in order to get a result (DV)

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6
Q

What are the strengths of a lab experiment

A
  • High level of control therefore the variables effecting the IV or the DV is mimised
  • Lab experiments can be replicated and repeated in a simillar experiment or same to check for validity
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7
Q

What are the weaknesses of lab experiments

A
  • May not measure how people act in their every day life
  • The P’s can change their way they behave to suite the experiment (demand characteristics) and can lead to invalid results
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8
Q

What is a field experiment

A

This is a way of conducting research in an everyday environment where one or more IV are manipulated by the experimenter and the effects on the DV is measured

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9
Q

settings/control?

What is the difference between lab and field experiement

A

More natural setting in field experiment but the level of control is decreases for field compared to lab

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10
Q

Define reliability

A

This means how consistent something is

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11
Q

What are the strengths of a field experiment

A
  • Allow a measure of how people act on a everyday basis
  • Manipulation of IV and some level of control makes it possible to measure the effect
  • If P’s don’t know they are being observed then it can decrease demand characteristics
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12
Q

What are the weaknesses of a field experiment

A
  • Not always possible to control the extraneous variables
  • Hard to replicate and therefore it can reduce reliability
  • It may breach ethical guidlines as there is no informed consent
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13
Q

What is a nautural (quasi) experiment

A

Instead of it being manipulated by the researcher the IV can be studied naturally

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14
Q

What are some examples of natural (quasi) experiment

A
  • Gender
  • Age
  • Ethnicity
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15
Q

What are the strengths of a Natural (quasi) expriment

A
  • Allows psychologist to study affect of IV that could be unethical to manipulate
  • P’s are unaware if the experiment (high internal validity)
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16
Q

What are the weaknesses of a natural (quasi) experiment

A
  • P’s can’t be allocated between conditions therefore it is possibe random variables (individual differences) affect the DV
  • Hard to replicate
17
Q

Natural, controlled, overt, covert, P’s, Non P’s

Explain the different types of observation techniques

A
  • Naturalistic observation - People or animals are observed in their natural environment without intervention of variables without their knowledge
  • Controlled observations - Researcher may manitpulate behaviour of observers and allows for a greater control of confoudning variables
  • Overt observations - P’s know they are being observed this reduces ethical issues but increase demand characteristics
  • Covert observation - P’s don’t know they are being observed (ethical issues) but increases validity by reducing demand characteristics
  • P’s observation - researcher gets involved with the group of P’s they are observing
  • Non p’s observation - P’s are observed from a distance rather then researcher joining with the group
18
Q

What are the strengths of observational methods

A
  • Behaviour can be observed in nautural setting and generally no problem with demand characteristics
  • Useful for studying children and animals
  • Use way to gather data for a pilot study
19
Q

What are the weaknesses of observational methods

A
  • Observer can misinterpret or miss behaviour
  • Observational studues are hard to replicate
20
Q

time issue? replicability:?

Explain what a structured interview is and the positive + negatives

A
  • P’s are asked the same questions in the same order
  • Can be replicated and used to compare people responses
  • Can be time consuming and is factor to social desirability bias
21
Q

What is social desirability bias

A

P’s answer questions in a way they are more socially accepted but not truthul

22
Q

Alot of information, time? (issues)

What is unstructured interviews and positives + negatives

A
  • P’s can discuss anything freely and the interviewer devises new questions on the bases of the previous question
  • provide rich and detailed information
  • Not replicable and is time consuming
23
Q

What is a questionare and the positives + negatives

A
  • Questionare are usually written but can be conducted face to face or online naid is simillar to structure interviews
  • Pratical way to collect a lot of information can be replicated
  • it can cause social desirability bias and it may include leading questions
24
Q

Define correlation

A

Statistical technique used to quantify the strengths of relationships between two variables

25
Q

Used as quantitiative data, prediction

Strengths of correlation analysis

A
  • Allows researcher to calculate the strength of a relationship between variables as quantitative data (numbers)
  • If a correlation is found it is possible to make prediction about one variable to another
26
Q

Weaknesses of correlation anaylsis

A
  • Researcher cant assume one variable caused another
  • Correlation between variables can be missleading
27
Q

What is a case study

A

Detailed study into an individual life and background or a small group

28
Q

details?

Strengths of case studies

A
  • Give detailed picture of an individual and help to discover how their past may be related to their present behaviour
  • Form a basis for future research
29
Q

Genreralisiablity, inteview bias, truth by interviewee?

Weaknesses of case studied

A
  • Only tell you about one person so the findings can’t be generalised
  • Interviewer may be biased and the interviewee may not tell the truth
30
Q

Quantiative description

What is content analysis

A
  • Systematically describing written, spoken or visual communiciation and it provides quantitative description
  • An example of this is newspapers, magazines, television ect
31
Q

Why is content analysis useful

A

Analysis of the sources we produce can inform us about the beliefs, prejudices and value of a society

32
Q

How did he conduct it (factors such as Gender) (170 - TV)

Explain Manstead and McCulloch (1981) study on content analysis

A

They watched 170 TV ads in a week and scored them on a range of factors such as
* Gender of the product user
* Gender of the person in authority
* Gender of the person providing technical information
* Types of products being advertised

33
Q

Strengths of content analysis

A
  • Produce alot of detailed and easily analysed material about a certain aspect of society
  • Replication is possible of details of the source was published
34
Q

Weaknesses of content analysis

A
  • Observer carrying out the analysis may be biased
  • choice of content to be analysed can introduce a source of bias
35
Q

Define what inter observer reliability is

A

Extent of certanity if there is more than one observer all observers are coutning and recording behaviour the same way

A - Level AQA Psychology (Component 2) (2 decks)

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