Scientific principles and process Flashcards
What is the scientific cycle?
Observation; construction of a testable hypothesis; experimental design; gathering, recording and analysis of data; evaluation of results and conclusions; the formation of a revised hypothesis where necessary.
What does the null hypothesis propose?
The null hypothesis proposes that there will be no statistically significant effect as a result of the experiment treatment.
How is a null hypothesis rejected?
If there is evidence for an effect, unlikely due to chance, then the null hypothesis is rejected.
What is required for scientific ideas to be accepted?
Scientific ideas only become accepted once they have been checked independently. Effects must be reproducible, one-off results are treated with caution.
What is the importance of publication methods, data, analysis and conclusions in scientific reports?
The importance of publication of methods, data, analysis and conclusions in scientific reports so that others can be able to repeat an experiment.
What are common methods of sharing original scientific findings?
Common methods of sharing original scientific findings include seminars, talks and posters at conferences and publishing in academic journals.
Whats the importance of peer review and critical evaluation by specialists with expertise in the relevant field?
Most scientific publications use peer review. Specialists with expertise in the relevant field assess the scientific quality of a submitted manuscript and make recommendations regarding its suitability for publication.
Why are review articles used?
They summarise current knowledge and recent findings in a particular field.
Whats the importance of integrity and honesty?
While judgements and interpretations of scientific evidence may be disputed, integrity and honesty are of key importance in science. The replication of experiments by others reduces the opportunity for dishonesty or the deliberate misuse of science.
In animal studies what concepts are used to minimise the harm to animals?
In animals the concepts of replacement, reduction and refinement are used to avoid, reduce, or minimise the harm to animals.
What concepts are used in human studies?
Informed consent, the right to withdraw and confidentiality are used in human studies.
Why must there be justification for scientific research and the assessment of any risks?
The value of quality of science investigations must be justifiable in terms of the benefits of its outcome, including the pursuit of scientific knowledge. As a result of the risks involved, many areas of scientific research are highly regulated and licensed by governments.
What type of risks must be taken into account?
The risk and safety of subject species, individuals, investigators and the environment must be taken into account.
What can influence scientific research?
Legislation limits the potential for the misuse of studies and data.
