Scientific Method Flashcards
Define induction
Induction is predictive generalizations that are based on a large number of observations.
Example: we can predict the sun will rise in the east based on past experiences of the sun doing just that.
Define deduction
Deduction is reasoning from more general statements for conclusion that must be true.
What is Occam’s razor
If several explanations are compatible with the evidence at hand, the simple should be considered the most likely.
What is a hypothesis.
A tentative explanation for an observation. An educated guess at an explanation.
How does a hypothesis different from a theory.
A hypothesis may be proven wrong. A theory is considered a fact.
Ionic bond
No sharing of electrons. The atom with a higher electronegativity will take the electron. Atoms have full charges becuz of the large EN difference.
Polar covalent bonds
Bonds between atoms of moderately different EN, leading to unequal electron sharing (the electrons are closer to the atom with higher EN), which in turn leads to partial charges.
Non-polar covalent bonds
Non-polar covalent bonds are bonds between atoms of identical or similar EN. Electrons are shared equally between the two atoms and there are no partial charges.
What is the nucleus of an atom?
Protons and neutrons
What is an orbitals around the nucleus?
Electrons
What equals the atomic number?
Number of protons
What equals the mass number?
Number of protons plus the number of neutrons.
What are isotopes of an element?
Same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
Ions?
Atoms that have a different number of protons than electrons.
Cations?
Positively charged ions, more protons than electrons.
