Biology part 3 Flashcards
What are the 2 main concepts of evolution?
- Change
- The mechanism causing change
What is the foundation for all modern biology?
Evolution
What is the definition of natural selection?
Differential reproductive success of individuals
What determines which individual will survive and reproduce?
Chance in part determines which individuals will survive and reproduce
Explain why being favoured does not mean all “good” genotypes survive and reproduce and all “bad” genotypes die?
Being favored does not mean that all ‘good’ genotypes survive and reproduce, and all ‘bad’ genotypes die, only that the ‘good’ ones have a better chance.
What is the most important topic in all of biology?
a) Natural selection
b) Evolution
c) Genetic mutations
d) Inheritance of traits
b) Evolution
What are the two concepts that encompass evolution?
a) Change and natural selection
b) Inheritance and genetic mutations
c) Variation and adaptation
d) Change and the mechanism causing change
d) Change and the mechanism causing change
True or False: Individuals can evolve.
a) True
b) False
b) False
What is the mechanism causing change in evolution?
a) Genetic mutations
b) Natural selection
c) Environmental factors
d) Inheritance of traits
b) Natural selection
What is the role of chance in evolution?
a) It drives the process
b) It determines which individuals will survive and reproduce
c) It creates new species
d) It is the result of deliberate progress
a) It drives the process
What can account for the reshuffling of different phenotypes in a population from generation to generation?
a) Natural selection
b) Genetic mutations
c) Environmental changes
d) Inheritance of traits
c) Environmental changes
True or False: Evolution disproves the idea that a God created all plants and animals.
a) True
b) False
b) False
What is creationism?
a) A belief
b) A scientific theory
c) A mechanism causing change in evolution
d) The process of genetic mutations
a) A belief
What is natural selection primarily concerned with?
a) Survival
b) Reproduction
c) Finding mates
d) Feeding
a) Survival
What is the basis of natural selection?
a) Survival of the fittest
b) Random chance
c) Sexual selection
d) Gene flow
a) Survival of the fittest
What are the causes of micro-evolutionary change?
a) Genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and natural selection
b) Founder effect and bottleneck effect
c) Gene flow and mutation
d) Natural selection and sexual selection
a) Genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and natural selection
What is clinal variation?
a) Variation in the number of individuals in a population
b) Variation in fur color along a temperature gradient
c) Variation in reproductive capability among species
d) Variation in the geographic isolation of populations
b) Variation in fur color along a temperature gradient
What is allopatric speciation?
a) Gradual evolution of one species into another
b) Speciation through geographic isolation
c) Speciation through sympathism
d) Variation in reproductive capability among species
b) Speciation through geographic isolation
What is the difference between micro-evolution and macro-evolution?
a) Micro-evolution is the evolution within a population, while macro-evolution is the evolution of new species.
b) Micro-evolution is the evolution of new species, while macro-evolution is the evolution within a population.
c) Micro-evolution concerns changes in allele frequencies, while macro-evolution concerns changes in population size.
d) Micro-evolution concerns physical changes, while macro-evolution concerns behavioral changes.
a) Micro-evolution is the evolution within a population, while macro-evolution is the evolution of new species.
What is the species concept based on? a) Reproductive capability of organisms
b) Geographic isolation of populations
c) Fossil evidence of extinct organisms
d) Variation in clines among populations
a) Reproductive capability of organisms
Which mode of natural selection discriminates against the extremes?
a) Stabilizing selection
b) Directional selection
c) Disruptive selection
d) Sexual selection
a) Stabilizing selection
Which hypothesis contradicts the idea of gradualism and suggests that new species or higher taxa appear abrupt in the fossil record?
a) Punctuated equilibrium
b) Natural selection
c) Sympatric speciation
d) Allopatric speciation
a) Punctuated equilibrium
What is the statement that describes evolution as a “theory”?
a) Through time organisms have descended with modifications from common ancestors.
b) Evolution is a process directed towards the survival of Homo sapiens.
c) Evolution is a proven fact, not a theory.
d) Organisms adapt to their environment to survive.
a) Through time organisms have descended with modifications from common ancestors.
What is the main requirement for natural selection to occur? a) Variations in phenotype
b) Different environments
c) Differences that can be inherited
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
What can sympatric speciation result from?
a) Geographic separation
b) Appearance of new ecological niches
c) Convergent evolution
d) Homologous structures
b) Appearance of new ecological niches
What is an example of convergent evolution?
a) Marsupial and placental mammals evolving similar adaptations
b) Two species evolving into one
c) Homologous structures evolving independently
d) Sympatric and allopatric speciation
a) Marsupial and placental mammals evolving similar adaptations
When is a character state considered homologous in two species?
a) When it has been inherited by both species from a common ancestor
b) When it was not inherited from their most common ancestor
c) When it evolved more than once in both species
d) When it is analogous to a character state in two other species
a) When it has been inherited by both species from a common ancestor
What is the result of allopatric speciation?
a) A population forms a new species while geographically isolated from its parent population.
b) A subset of a population forms a new species without geographic separation.
c) Two species converge into one.
d) Sympatric speciation occurs without geographic separation.
a) A population forms a new species while geographically isolated from its parent population.
What is adaptive radiation?
a) The evolution of one species into another through gradual changes
b) The appearance of new ecological niches leading to sympatric speciation
c) The gradual evolution of one species into another, as seen in the fossil record
d) The rapid diversification of a single ancestral lineage into multiple species
d) The rapid diversification of a single ancestral lineage into multiple species
Hermaphroditism
Having both male and female reproductive organs.
Separate sexes
Can be monomorphoric (look the same) or dimorphic (look different)
Sexual selection
Results from a specific type of non-random mating in which an organisms phenotype influences its ability to attract mates.
Anisogamy?
Different sized gametes. Small sperm, big egg.
Reproductive Behaviours?
Activities directly involved in producing new individuals
Gene flow?
Genetic exchange with another population
Mutation
Changes in the DNA of an organism
Stabilizing?
Discriminates against the extremes
Directional
Discriminates against one extreme
Disruptive
Discriminates against the mean (opposite of stabilizing)
Species?
A population which actually or at least potentially can interbreed with each other but are not members of other populations.
Sympatric speciation
The evolution of reproductive barriers within a single, initially random mating population.
Allopatric speciation
The evolution of reproductive barriers in populations that are prevented by a geographic barrier from exchanging genes more than a negligible rate.
Adaptive Radiation
Evolution of ecological on phenotypic diversity within rapidly multiplying lineage
Nervous system
Signaling network
Nervous system cells?
Neurons specialized for rapid electrical transmission of signals
What are the nervous system’s three functions?
a) sensory input
b) information integration
c) motor output
What is in the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
What is in the peripheral nervous system?
Nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord
What is the PNS responsible for
Efferent (motor) and afferent (sensory)
What does efferent mean
Information is leaving the CNS
3 major types of neurons
- sensory neurons
- motor neurons
- interneurons
Schwann cells
Form myelin sheath to insulate axons
Signal transmission
Electrochemical
4 phases of action potential
Resting state
Depolarizing phase
Repolarizing phase
Undershoot
What are the three functions of the nervous system?
a) Sensory input, motor output, information integration
b) Sensory input, motor integration, information output
c) Sensory output, motor input, information integration
d) Sensory integration, motor output, information input
a) Sensory input, motor output, information integration
Which part of the nervous system mediates responses to environmental changes?
a) Brain and spinal cord
b) Sensory receptors
c) Peripheral nervous system
d) Central nervous system
d) Central nervous system
What is the main function of sensory neurons?
a) Transmit signals from the brain to the muscles
b) Transmit signals from sensory receptors to the CNS
c) Transmit signals from interneurons to motor neurons
d) Transmit signals from motor neurons to effectors
b) Transmit signals from sensory receptors to the CNS
How are signals transmitted in the nervous system?
a) Electrochemical transmission
b) Chemical transmission
c) Electrical transmission
d) Mechanical transmission
a) Electrochemical transmission
What is the membrane potential of living cells?
a) Positive charge
b) Negative charge
c) No charge
d) Variable charge
b) Negative charge
What is the threshold in stimulus response?
a) The minimum intensity of a stimulus required to produce a response
b) The maximum intensity of a stimulus required to produce a response
c) The optimal intensity of a stimulus required to produce a response
d) The absence of a stimulus required to produce a response
a) The minimum intensity of a stimulus required to produce a response
What is an action potential?
a) A graded potential
b) A resting potential
c) A depolarization of the membrane
d) A characteristic series of events
d) A characteristic series of events
How are action potentials transmitted along the axon?
a) Through the flow of charged ions across the membrane
b) Through the transmission of electrical signals
c) Through the activation of sodium channels
d) Through saltatory conduction
d) Through saltatory conduction
What is the key concept of the senses and locomotion process?
a) The generation of sensory information
b) The detection and processing of sensory information
c) The production of motor responses
d) The interpretation of sensory stimuli
b) The detection and processing of sensory information
What is the first function of sensory receptors?
a) Reception
b) Transduction
c) Amplification
d) Transmission
a) Reception
Which type of receptors respond to changes in temperature?
a) Mechanoreceptors
b) Chemoreceptors
c) Electromagnetic receptors
d) Thermoreceptors
d) Thermoreceptors
Which organs are responsible for the detection of sound?
a) Eyes
b) Tympanic membrane
c) Cochlea
d) Pinna
c) Cochlea
What is the function of the semicircular canals?
a) Detection of taste
b) Detection of sound
c) Detection of temperature
d) Detection of balance and motion
d) Detection of balance and motion
How are sensory impulses transmitted from the ear to the brain?
a) Via the auditory nerve
b) Via the middle ear
c) Via the cochlea
d) Via the pinna
a) Via the auditory nerve
What is the role of mechanoreceptors in hearing?
a) They detect changes in temperature
b) They detect changes in light
c) They detect sound vibrations
d) They detect chemical molecules
c) They detect sound vibrations
