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Immunology > Scientific basis of vaccines > Flashcards

Scientific basis of vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What is smallpox caused by?

A

Caused by Variola

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2
Q

What are the scientific principles from jenners experiment?

A
  1. Challenge dose-proves protection from infection
  2. Concept of attenuation
  3. Concept that prior exposure to agent boosts protective response
  4. Cross specific protection-antigenic similarity
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3
Q

What is the eradication of smallpox due to?

A
  1. Vaccination programmes
  2. Case finding(Surveillance)
  3. Movement control
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4
Q

Why was eradication of smallpox possible?

A
  1. No subclinical infection
  2. After recovery, the virus was eliminated
  3. No animal reservoir
  4. Effective vaccine
  5. Slow spread, poor transmission
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5
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

Material from an organism that will actively enhance adaptive immunity

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6
Q

What does a vaccine increase the ability of?

A

Increases the ability of the active immune response to recognise antigens and generate the correct type of immune response that will lead to immunoprotection, not just recognition

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7
Q

What does a vaccine produce and what does this allow and drive?

A

• Produces an immunologically primed state that allows for rapid secondary immune response on exposure to antigen
Driving T cell memory

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8
Q

What does a vaccine prevent and not prevent?

A

Prevention of disease but not infection

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9
Q

What does a vaccine require?

A

Requires immunological memory

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10
Q

Vaccination rationale

A
  1. Protection of individual reduces rate and severity of diseases
  2. Protection of the population results in herd immunity
  3. Can lead to eradication of disease
  4. Need a balance between vaccine uptake rate and reservoirs of infection
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11
Q

Once vaccinated, what is natual boosting?

A

having immune response boosted as a result of exposure to infectious agent in community

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity?

A
  • Active immunity

- Innate immunity

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity?

A
  • Active immunity

- passive immunity

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14
Q

What is the immune response to antigen during primary exposure?

A

○ 5-7 days –> antibody response
○ 2 weeks for a full response
○ IgM to IgG switching
○ Memory B and T cells

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15
Q

What is the immune response to antigen upon secondary exposure?

A

2 days for full protective responses

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16
Q

What are the general principles of a vaccine?

A
  1. Induce correct type of response
  2. Induce response in right place
  3. Duration of protection
  4. Age of vaccination
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17
Q

Why are antibodies sufficient for infection that exists in gut or bloodstream?

A

For infections that exist in the gut or bloodstream, antibodies will be sufficient because they will bind to the viruses and neutralise them

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18
Q

Why does a systemic infection need more than just antibodies?

A

A systemic infection (that lives inside cells) will need more than just antibodies as they cannot get inside the cells so need T cell immunity

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19
Q

What antibody is present in baby milk and how long does it last for?

A

IgA in milk – lasts for 6 months

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20
Q

What are the natures of antigens?

A
  1. Monotypic

2. Polytypic

21
Q

Variability of monotypic antigens

A

Not variable

22
Q

Diversity of polytypic antigens and examples

A

○ Undergo massive antigenic diversity

i.e. flu, gonorrhoea

23
Q

Why are most antigens immunogenic but not immuno-protective?

A

Most antigens are immunogenic but NOT immuno-protective as they cannot predict which antigens will be produced next

24
Q

What are the 3 types of vaccines?

A
  1. Live attenuated organism
  2. Killed, whole organism
  3. Sub-unit vaccines(Individual components)
25
Q

What do live attenuated organism vaccines not cause and why?

A

○ Does not cause infection because it has been attenuated

26
Q

What do live attenuated organism vaccines not cause and why?

A

○ Does not cause infection because it has been attenuated

27
Q

What do live attenuated organism vaccines give against the disease?

A

○ Does give T cell immunity against disease

28
Q

How many mutations does polio type 1 have?

A

Polio (Sabin) type I has 57 mutations

29
Q

Why is boosting not required if a patient is given a live viral vaccine?

A

If you give live viral vaccine, viral vaccine does not need boosting as it lives in the body for long enough to induce protective immunity

30
Q

What do killed, whole organisms vaccines need in order to get the correct type of immune response?

A

In order to get the correct type of immune response, you need boosters to raise the levels

31
Q

What is reactogenicity?

A

property of a vaccine of being able to produce common, “expected” adverse side effects

32
Q

What components have been identified of the organism that gives good protective immunity in subunit vaccines?

A

§ Proteins
§ Toxoids (diphtheria; tetanus)
§ Peptides (synthetic)
§ Polysaccharide - poor antigens

33
Q

Why is it difficult to make vaccines from polysaccharides?

A

Difficult to make vaccines from polysaccharides because they give poor immune response to children under the age of 2 as they don’t recognize polysaccharides very well

34
Q

How do you make a conjugated vaccine with a polysaccharide?

A

□ Need to conjugate polysaccharide to a protein – use an outer membrane protein and inactivated toxin to make conjugated vaccine (e.g. MenC; Hib;)

35
Q

What are recombinant proteins and what are made from them?

A

proteins that are cloned into bacteria/yeasts and made into large amount of proteins and then put into vaccines
Make subunit vaccines

36
Q

What do subcellular fractions use as part of the subunit vaccine?

A

§ Use surface blebs of membrane as part of the vaccine

37
Q

What do toxins usually cause?

A

• Toxins usually cause direct tissue damage and disease

38
Q

How do you get a toxoid from a toxin?

A

• If you purify the toxin and inactivate with formaldehyde you get toxoid

39
Q

What can toxoids be used as and what can they induce?

A

These can induce antibody responses that neutralise toxins if you get infected with the organism

40
Q

Why are bacterias capsular polysaccharides as vaccines less immunogenic in children <2yrs?

A

○ Short term memory

○ No T cell immunity

41
Q

How can you enhance immunogenicity in children <2yrs old for bacterial capsular polysaccharides as vaccines?

A

• Enhance immunogenicity by protein conjugation
○ Toxoids D/T + outer membrane proteins
○ Long lasting immunity and response in children

42
Q

What does conjugation link?

A
  • Conjugation links polysaccharide antigen to protein carrier (e.g. diphtheria or tetanus) that the infant’s immune system already recognises in order to provoke an immune response
  • Link membrane to carrier protein
43
Q

How do conjugates work?

A
  • If polysaccharide is linked to protein, the B cell recognises the protein and presents the protein to a T cell
  • T cell recruits cytokines that encode the polysaccharide specific B cell to make more potent antibody at higher levels
  • Does this because the carrier protein recruits Th cells and cytokines that activate the B cells
44
Q

What are adjuvants?

A

Adjuvants are chemicals/lipid structures that enhance the immune response using the vaccine components

45
Q

What do vaccine adjuvants enhance?

A

• Enhance immune response to antigen

46
Q

What do vaccine adjuvants promote?

A

• Promote uptake and antigen presentation

47
Q

What do vaccine adjuvants stimulate?

A

• Stimulate correct cytokine profiles

48
Q

What do vaccine adjuvants allow antigens to do and in order to boost what?

A

• They allow antigen to stay in bloodstream longer to boost immune response

Immunology (8 decks)

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