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Immunology > Development of lymphocytes > Flashcards

Development of lymphocytes Flashcards

1
Q

What can B cells deficiency cause?

A
  • Congenital agammaglobulinemia
    - Lose immunoglobulins
  • Common variable immunodeficiency
  • Novel biologics
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2
Q

What can T cell deficiency cause?

A
  • Severe combined immunodeficiency which effects younger children
  • DiGeorge syndrome where thymus is not functioning properly
  • Acquired-HIV/chemotherapy/novel biologics
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3
Q

What is the role of the lymphocyte?

A

Role is a cornerstone of adaptive immunity

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4
Q

What is the morphology of lymphocytes?

A
  • White cell
  • Small
  • Large nucleus
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5
Q

What is the lineage of lymphocytes?

A

T and B cells

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6
Q

What are the 3 functions of lymphocytes?

A
  • Helper
  • Cytotoxic
  • Regulatory
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7
Q

What are the 2 key features of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Specificity

2. Memory

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8
Q

What is basis of adaptive immunity?

A

Basis of adaptive immunity is clonal selection

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9
Q

What does each B cell have one type of on its surface?

A 
For B cells, each cell has one Ig 
-Can switch class but always the same basic Ig on surface
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10
Q

What does each T cell have one type of on its surface?

A

or T cells, each cell has one T cell receptor

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11
Q

What happens once an antigen matches TCR?

A

Once antigen that matches TCR is encountered, we amplify that clone and there’s selection and expansion of that clone

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12
Q

What effect is there once the antigen matches the TCR?

A

Have an effector function where the infection is cleared out

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13
Q

What is the memory function of T cell once they bind with the antigen?

A

Also have a memory function which is more rapid and specific to secondary responses

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14
Q

Why is the top part of the TCR highly variable?

A

Top part of TCR is highly variable as genes shuffle around to generate a large number of combinations

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15
Q

Specificity in B cells

A

B cells with a variable region on top and a constant region at the bottom

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16
Q

What are the 4 basic approaches in predicting pathogens?

A
  1. Generic recognisable features
  2. Associated with damage
  3. Memory
  4. Non-self recognition
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17
Q

What are generic recognisable features on pathogens and what are they recognised by?

A

PAMPs found on pathogen are recognised by PRRs

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18
Q

What is the danger hypothesis and what recognises damage?

A

a) The danger hypothesis is that as well as the presence of the pathogen, damage must also occur to trigger the immune response
b) DAMP recognise damage

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19
Q

What is non-self recognition?

A

Recognising that pathogens are different from our own cells

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20
Q

What happens if non-self recognition is wrong?

A

If this is wrong, it can lead to autoimmunity

  • These responses mean that there is a delay in the response
  • Might start recognising itself
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21
Q

What is the main purpose of MHC-1 peptide binding to TCR on CD8 T cells?

A

Main purpose is to protect against viral infection as cell will then present viral peptides instead of own peptides

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22
Q

What are MHC-II?

A

They are antigen presenting cells

23
Q

What do MHC-II do and what is their main purpose?

A
  • These are macrophages which engulf pathogens and present on cell surface
  • Main purpose is to protect against bacterial infection
24
Q

What are the steps in thymic selection?

A

Cells first arrive at thymus and are programmed there

  • T cells must be able to bind to MHC
    • If not then they die through neglect
      - This is known as positive selection

Cells in the thymic medulla express tissue specific antigens

  • If T cells recognise and bind to those self-peptides the cell dies
    - This is known as negative selection
25
Q

What must T cell recognise and not recognise?

A

Must recognise self but not bind to it, must not recognise everything as danger and should not be recognising nothing

26
Q

What have naïve T cells not encountered?

A

not encountered an antigen yet

27
Q

What is positive selection of B cells?

A

Identifies immature B cells with completed antigen receptor gene arrangement

Functional membrane Ig molecules(BCR) provide survival signals

28
Q

What happens if theirs high avidity self-recognition?

A

If high avidity self-recognition, receptor editing changes BCR specificity

29
Q

What does reactivation of RAG gene produce?

A

Reactivation of RAG genes produces new Ig light chain

30
Q

What is negative selection of B cells?

A

If still auto-reactive, immature B cells with high affinity self-recognition die by apoptosis in bone marrow or spleen

31
Q

What does antigen recognition lead to once transition is made to the IGM+IGD+ mature B cell stage?

A

Once transition is made to the IGM+ IgD+ mature B cell stage, antigen recognition leads to proliferation and differentiation

32
Q

What do antibody B cells transform into and what do they produce?

A

Activated B cells transform into plasma cells which turn into antibody factories

Activated B cells also produce CD27+ memory B cells

33
Q

What happens to naïve T cells after they leave thymus?

A

Naïve T cells recirculate primarily from blood to lymph nodes

34
Q

What do we do to label lymphocytes in vivo?

A

Labelling lymphocytes in vivo with deuterium labelled glucose

35
Q

What is deuterium?

A

Deuterium is a non-radioactive isotope of hydrogen

36
Q

When do T cells incorporate hydrogen into their molecule?

A

T cells are extracted and if they were dividing when the labelled glucose was added, then they have incorporated hydrogen into their molecule

37
Q

Why do Naïve cells have very little labelling by deuterium?

A

Naïve cells have very little labelling as they have not been dividing

38
Q

What are TEM?

A

are effector memory cells

39
Q

TEM

A
  • Short lived population
  • Continually replenished
  • Doubling time about 15 days
40
Q

What are TCM?

A

Are central memory cells

41
Q

TCM

A

Turnover at significant rate

Doubling time about 48 days

42
Q

Regulatory CD4+ T cells

A
  • Short lived population
  • Need continual replenishment
  • Some originate from CD25 memory T cells
43
Q

What do population of cells which have met the pathogen before continue to do?

A

Population of cells which have met the pathogen before continue to proliferate

44
Q

How long does short term immunological memory last for?

A

A month

45
Q

How long do clones/progeny survive in immunological memory?

A

Clones/progeny survive a long time

46
Q

Where are lymphocytes organised mainly?

A

Organised mainly into lymph nodes

47
Q

What is the structure of the lymphatic system optimised to facilitate?

A

Structure of the lymphatic system is optimised to facilitate cellular function

48
Q

What is the spleen important in ?

A

Spleen is important in antibody generation

49
Q

What does a splenectomy increase the risk of?

A

A splenectomy increases risk of infection

-Especially pneumococcal infection

50
Q

What are tissue resident T cells usually and what marker does it have and whys it important?

A

Tissue resident T cells are usually antigen specific cells and have the CD69+ marker which is important in delivering quick responses

51
Q

What happens to lymphocyte function with age?

A

Lymphocyte function deteriorate with age

52
Q

What cells accumulate in immune senescence?

A

Accumulation of CD57+ cells

53
Q

What is a key driver of immune senescence?

A

CMV infection is a key driver of immune senescence

Immunology (8 decks)

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