Science yearly exam- YR 8 Flashcards
Define digestion
Digestion is the process of breaking down food into a usable form and making the nutrients available.
Why do we need a digestive system?
The food you eat is not in a form that can be used by your cells. Bread, meat, fruit and vegetables are made of complex chemicals that have to be broken down, or digested, into simple, soluble chemicals that can be used by your own cells. Your body needs the chemicals in food for energy, growth and repair (they are known as nutrients).
Identify the two main parts of the digestive system
Your digestive system consists of a digestive tract, the pathway that the food takes through a series of organs. Organs off to the side of the digestive tract that produce chemicals assist with digestion.
What are the parts of the digestive system?
Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Pancreas, Liver, Gall bladder, Small intestine, Large intestine and (rectum, anus).
What role does the mouth have in the digestive system?
The digestive process starts in your mouth when you chew. Your salivary glands make saliva, which moistens food so it moves more easily through your esophagus into your stomach, saliva also has an enzyme that begins to break down the starches in your food.
What role does the Esophagus have in the digestive system?
After you swallow, peristalsis pushes the food down your esophagus into your stomach.
What role does the Stomach have in the digestive system?
Glands in your stomach lining make stomach acid and enzymes that break down food. Muscles of your stomach mix the food with these digestive juices.
What role does the Pancreas have in the digestive system?
Your pancreas makes a digestive juice that has enzymes that break down carbohydrates, fats and portions. The pancreas delivers the digestive juice to the small intestine through small tubes called ducts.
What role does the Liver have in the digestive system?
Your liver makes a digestive juice called bile that helps digest fats and some vitamins. Bile ducts carry bile from your liver to your gallbladder for storage, or to the small intestine for use.
What role does the gallbladder have in the digestive system?
Your gallbladder stores bile between meals. When you eat, your gallbladder squeezes bile through the bile ducts into your small intestine.
What role does the Small intestine have in the digestive system?
Your small intestine makes digestive juice, which mixes with bile and pancreatic juice to complete the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Bacteria in your small intestine make some of the enzymes you need to digest carbohydrates. Your small intestine moves water from your bloodstream into your GI tract to help break down food. Your small intestine also absorbs water with other nutrients.
What role does the Large intestine have in the digestive system?
More water moves from your GI tract into your bloodstream. Bacteria in your large intestine help break down remaining nutrients and make vitamin K. Waste products of digestion, including parts of food that are still too large become stool.
What role does the Rectum and anus have in the digestive system?
The rectum is a temporary storage for stool and the Anus is the opening at the end of the digestive tract through which stool is extracted.
What is mechanical digestion?
Mechanical digestion is when the food is broken down into smaller pieces. it is like cutting a slice of bread into smaller pieces. Mechanical digesting is a physical change because no new substances are made.
What is chemical digestion?
In chemical digestion, the large, complex substances in the food are broken down into simpler chemicals. This produces new smaller chemicals at the body can also absorb, chemical digestion is a chemical change because new substances are produced.
What’s an example of mechanical digestion?
when you tear and choose food with your teeth.
What’s an example of chemical digestion?
this happens when sliding your mouth and gastric juice in your stomach break down your food EG breaks down carbohydrates protein and fats.
Define respiration as a series of chemical reactions occurring inside the cells.
Respiration refers to the series of chemical changes that take place themselves to release energy. For humans and many other animals, breathing is a process by which the body takes in and lets out air. The system of organs and tissues that take the air into the body and ultimately makes the oxygen available to the cells is the respiratory system.
What is breathing and how does your body do it?
as you breathe in the muscles between your ribs contract. this pulls the rib cage up and out. at the same time, the diaphragm- a sheet of muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen- contracts and flattens. As your lung expands the air pressure decreases and when the air is sucked in the air pressure inside your lungs is equal to the air pressure outside the body. When you exhale, all the muscles relax and your ribs move down and in. The volume inside the chest returns and the air pressure increases forcing the air out of the nose/mouth.
What is respiration and how does your body do it?
begins once the oxygen and glucose are together in the cells, where the two chemicals React together. carbon dioxide and water are produced in the reaction and energy is released. The more energy your body requires the faster the reaction has to take place and the more oxygen and glucose are required.
what are the 9 parts of the repository system?
Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Lungs, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, Diaphragm
What is the role of the nose
Air containing 20% oxygen enters the body through the nostrils. Air is cleared and warmed as it passes through the nasal cavity. Mucus and nose hairs serve to filter dust from the air. Mucus also moistens the inhaled air.
What is the role of the Pharynx
A cavity at the back of the nose and mouth, both food and air pass through the pharynx.
What is the role of the Larynx
The voice box. When we swallow food, a flap called the epiglottis closes over the top of the larynx, preventing food from entering the lungs. Below it, the trachea (windpipe) directs the airflow. As air passes through the vocal cords, different pitches of sound are produced.
What is the role of the Trachea
– The windpipe lies in front of the oesophagus (food tube) and is protected at the front by C-shaped cartilage. Fine hair-like structures called cilia on the walls of the trachea “brush” dust upwards and out of the respiratory tract.
What is the role of the Lungs
– Air enters the lungs, where oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the lungs, where it is exhaled.
What is the role of the Bronchi
– The trachea branches into two tubes called the bronchi, one going into each lung. Mucus and cilia cover the walls of the bronchi.
What is the role of the Bronchioles
– The right and left bronchi branch into many smaller tubes called the bronchioles. The walls of the bronchioles are lined with mucus and cilia.
What is the role of the Alveoli –
These are the balloon-like air sacs at the ends of the bronchioles. The walls of the alveoli are very thin and are surrounded by fine blood capillaries. The exchange or diffusion of oxygen into the blood from inhaled air, and of carbon dioxide out of the blood to the exhaled air, takes place here.
What is the role of the Diaphragm –
A large, drum-shaped muscle that lies at the base of the chest cavity. The diaphragm contracts during inhalation and relaxes during exhalation.
Describe the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide into the alveoli and the exchange of these gases in the bloodstream
The walls of the alveoli are only one cell thick, surrounded by tiny blood vessels called capillaries. Oxygen dissolves in the alveoli’s moist surface and moves by diffusion across the short distance from the space inside the alveoli to the blood. Once in the blood, oxygen enters the red blood cells, and the flow of blood carries oxygen to the cells where it is needed. The blood flowing from the lungs is therefore rich in oxygen and appears bright red.
As the cells use oxygen to release energy from food, carbon dioxide is produced and moves from your cells into the blood and into the alveoli. The carbon dioxide mixes with the remaining air and then leaves your body with your next outward breath.
What is the structure of the alveoli?
The walls of the alveoli are only one cell thick, and they are surrounded by tiny blood vessels called capillaries.
Describe the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide into the alveoli and the exchange of these gases in the bloodstream
Oxygen dissolves in the moist surface of the alveoli and moves by a process called diffusion across the short distance from the space inside the alveoli to the blood. Once in the blood, oxygen enters the red blood cells, and the flow of blood carries oxygen to the cells where it is needed.
As the cells use oxygen to release energy from food, carbon dioxide is produced and moves from your cells into the blood and into the alveoli. The carbon dioxide mixes with the remaining air and then leaves your body with your next outward breath.
How does the blood change after oxygen enters it?
The blood flowing from the lungs is therefore rich in oxygen and appears bright red.
what is breathing (in comparisin to respiration rate)?
Breathing rate is the number of breaths taken per minute and reflects how often we inhale and exhale. This rate can change based on physical activity, emotional state, or health conditions.
what is Respiration rate (in comparison to breathing?)
Respiration rate is the rate at which gas exchange occurs in the lungs, specifically the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. This can be influenced by the breathing rate, as a higher breathing rate usually means more oxygen is brought in and more carbon dioxide is expelled. When you exercise or your body needs more oxygen and needs to eliminate carbon dioxide quickly, both your breathing and respiration rate increase. During rest, your breathing rate slows, and the respiration rate also decreases.
List the components of the circulatory system
Your circulatory system consists of your heart, blood vessels, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood. The components of blood include red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. The heart pumps continuously to keep the blood moving. The blood carries all the materials needed by the body through the blood vessels. The blood vessels are the main pathways along which the blood flows.
describe the heart
Your heart is about the size of your fist and is situated in the middle of your chest, behind the breastbone. It is made up of cardiac muscle, a type of muscle that does not get tired and works continuously in response to signals from an area of the heart called the pacemaker.
the function of the heart in the circulatory system
The human circulatory system is referred to as a double system because there are two separate circuits through which blood flows, both starting at the heart. In one circuit, the blood flows from the heart to the body and back to the heart, carrying nutrients and oxygen to the cells. At the cells, it collects waste, including carbon dioxide. The other circuit goes from the heart to the lungs, where carbon dioxide passes out of the blood and oxygen passes into the blood. This oxygenated blood is then returned to the heart and pumped around the body.
the functions of the veins in the circulatory system
Veins carry blood back to the heart. The pressure from the heartbeat is lost as the blood flows through very narrow capillaries, which do not need muscular walls. This happens due to the contraction of muscles pressing against your veins, ensuring that the blood flows in one direction only. There are valves along the length of the veins that open as blood flows toward the heart and close when it flows away from it. If you sit for long periods of time, blood flow slows, which can lead to clotting.