Science Year End Flashcards
1
Q
Cleavage
A
If a mineral splits evenly into two smooth surface this can be called cleavage
2
Q
oceanic (deep ocean) zone
A
is where very little light penetrates, so no plants grow there. food for organisms living in this zone comes from the zones above, usually in the form of waste
3
Q
The 6 properties to identify a rock?
A
Color (self explanatory)
Lustre
Streak
Cleavage
Fracture
Hardness (self explanatory)
4
Q
Fracture
A
Mineral breakage with rough and uneven surfaces
5
Q
salinity
A
Most substances that are found dissolved in water are salts. The most common salt is sodium chloride (table salt). The total amount of all salts found in water is called salinity.
6
Q
Describe the interactions in ecosystems
Unit A
A
Bioinvasion - when a species is introduced to a new location
Competition - when living things fight for their basic needs
Predation - when animals hunt other animals for food
Weather/Climate - the amount of rain can greatly affect a plants growth, as well as excessive amounts of water like storms or even lacks of water like drought
7
Q
what happens when waves near the shoreline
A
Near the shore the water becomes shallower, and the lower part of the wave drags on the bottom of the ocean or lake which slows the wave down and causes the top to rise up and break crashing into shore
8
Q
what is the formula for speed?
Unit 8D
A
Distance over time
9
Q
Water Testing Criteria
A
- Taste and odour
- Turbidity (cloudiness) and colour
- Toxic substances and other pollutants
- Bacteria
- Hardness or mineral content
- pH (how acidic or basic the water is)
- Dissolved oxygen level
- Suspended solids (including those floating)
- Dissolved solids
10
Q
Force
Unit 7D
A
Is a push or pull that tends to cause an object to change its movement or shape.
11
Q
What are the three kinds of population changes
A
seasonal, short-term and long-term
12
Q
Epicenter
Unit 7E
A
-The epicenter is the point on the surface directly above the focus.
-Locating the epicenter can help provide relief to those around it.
13
Q
What is osmosis?
A
Osmosis is the movement of water across the cell membrane
When water moves through a cell from high conc. to low conc.
14
Q
where is heat lost
A
through the roof, windows, doors or walls of a home, it is causing waste.
15
Q
Streak
A
-Color of the powder that the rock leaves behind when you rub it across a rough surface
-Usually used on unglazed ceramic tile.
16
Q
What is the difference between species, population, and community?
A
Community - Animal and Plant populations that live and interact with eachiother
Population - A number of organisms of the same species
Species - A group of organisms that have the same shape and structures
There is more diversity near the Equator due to the heat
17
Q
Biological weathering
A
Wearing away (physical tiring) of rocks by living things.
18
Q
Volcano
Unit C
A
A volcano is an opening in earth’s crust through which solid and molten rock, ash and gases escape.
19
Q
Economic Costs
A
the cost in dollars of using fossil fuels.
20
Q
what are pores
A
pores that allow substances to enter and exit the cell
21
Q
Focus
A
Is the first place that the rocks break below the surface during an earthquake
22
Q
watershed
A
(also called a drainage basin) is a region of interconnected rivers and streams that drains into one main lake or river.
23
Q
why are cars VERY inefficient
A
only 15% of energy is being used
24
Q
define Work
A
done when a force acts on an object to make the object move
25
Weathering
## Footnote
Unit 7E
Refers to the mechanical and chemical process that breaks down rocks by means of water, glacial ice, wind or waves.
26
What did Carolus Linnaeus do?
## Footnote
Unit A
He developed a naming system for organisms and for classifying them (to distinguish them from similar looking species)
27
Symmetry
Is the balanced arrangement of mass on opposite sides of a line or plane, or around a centre or axis.
28
what are the 5 main minerals plants need?
nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, and magnesium
29
what happens if a plant receives too much water
Fill holes in the soil so plants can’t grow
Dissolve salts in the soil
30
Joints that rely on Bonding
glue, tape, cement, welds-2 surfaces harden together into 1 solid mass
31
what is the Formula for work
Work = Force x Distance (W = F x d)
32
Identify the different components of a seed plant as well as their functions
Flower - has male and female parts for reproduction
Stems - provide pathway for movement of water
Seeds - contain an embryo that will form a new plant
Leaves - produce food for the plant through photosynthesis
Cones - just like seeds but for evergreens
Roots - absorb water and nutrients as well as anchors the plant
33
Define Adaptations
How organisms respond to their environment.
34
what are nitrogen oxides.
happens when we burn fossil fuels in engines produces harmful chemicals that pollute the air.
35
what is biological diversity?
Refers to all living things on Earth being different
36
Genetic Engineering
single genes are added to a plant cell. Can come from different living things
37
Intertidal zone
is the shoreline of an ocean
38
Why is it good to have variability in a species?
So that if one organism/virus starts killing a species, it wouldn't be able to wipe it out.
(If the environment were to change, the species having the greatest variability has the highest chance to survive.)
39
what is a Complex Machine
are made from combinations of two or more simple machines.
40
percentage of water unusable by humans
99.7%
41
Crust
-Is the layer that covers the surface of Earth
-All living things are found on the crust
-Has an average thickness of 50 km but under the ocean it can be as thin as 10km
42
what are the movements of waves
are changes in patterns that move along the waters surface
The water itself does not move very far but waves can move thousands of km’s across the surface of the ocean
43
lowest/deep zone
is where no light penetrates, so not plants grow there. food for organisms living in this comes from th zones above, in the form of waste
44
water quality is measured by
by the types of substances that are found in it; including living organisms, organic material, minerals and other chemicals.
45
Seismic waves
## Footnote
Unit C
The break of rocks at the focus sends waves through earth. These waves are called seismic waves.
46
define Linkages
## Footnote
Unit 8D
The linkage is the part of the subsystem that transfers energy.
In the bicycle, the chain is the linkage.
47
percent of water usable by humans
0.3%
48
What are quadrats?
Finding a large group, or distribution of a species in an area would suggest that the species is well adapted to the conditions of the ecosystem.
A small distribution would mean the opposite.
This is known as a quadrat.
49
# Unit A
What are the differences between Biotic and Abiotic factors in an environment?
## Footnote
Unit A
Biotic - Living (6 letters)
Abiotic - Nonliving
50
define irrigation
Irrigation is used when there is little or no rainfall. It helps farmers ensure that plants receive the right amount of water
51
Load
## Footnote
Unit 7D
A load is an external force on a structure.
52
upper zone in a lake
is the area of a lake form the shore dan to where aquatic plants stop growing
53
what is bioinvasion?
when an organism takes up food making other organism starve
54
Nearly 75% of the world's food supply is based on seven major crops:
wheat, rice, maize (corn), potatoes, barley, cassava and sorghum
55
what does and what does photosynthesis
## Footnote
Unit B
the leaves of the plant and in the chloroplasts
56
middle zone
a the open water area that his has light penetration
57
What are rocks made of?
## Footnote
Unit C
-Made up of tiny little particles called grains.
-Building blocks of rocks are pure, naturally occurring solid materials called minerals.
58
how do we know what direction a water shed starts?
Location of the highest land on the continent determines the direction that a watershed drains
59
what is the cost of increasing a force?
But the cost is that the force the user applies must move farther than the load.
60
name a class one, two, and three lever.
class one: normal lever
class two: weel barrow
class three: hockey stick
61
what are the three environmental factors of building a building.
Climatic conditions:
Terrain conditions
Earthquake risks
62
Center of gravity
Is the imaginary point in an object where the downward force of gravity acts (where the structures balance is on).
63
Stream characteristics include
the rate of water flow and the slope of the streams bed
64
Lava
## Footnote
Unit C
When magma flows onto the surface of earth either on land or beneath the ocean it’s called lava.
65
Sedimentary rock
-Form when small pieces of rock are carried by water or wind and settle or sink down onto the rocks beneath them.
-The layers of sediment eventually turn into sedimentary rock with pressure.
-Can be made up of shells.
66
Define Food Web
Food chains that are linked are called food webs. This happens because producers and consumers can be eaten by more than one consumer. And consumers usually get their energy from more than one food source.
67
what is a simple machine
## Footnote
Unit 7D
A simple machine is a tool or device made up of one basic machine.
68
Osmosis
ALWAYS involves water and ALWAYS moves from high to low concentration
Water from the soil enters the roots through osmosis.
69
What is Ecological Footprint
Human impacts on an environment
70
# Unit A
What is a food web?
Many food chains are linked. If you link food chains in an ecosystem, you get a food web.
71
Continental Divide
This high land is called the Continental Divide. In North America the major divide is the Rocky Mountains.
72
Earthquakes
## Footnote
Unit 7E
-Are trembling and vibrations of the ground
-Caused by the sudden release of energy that has slowly been building up in earths crust
-The sudden breaking of the rock that has been stuck on itself creates the earthquake
73
What are the three types of symbiosis?
COMMENSALISM - one organism benefits, the other neither benefits nor is harmed
Ex. Bird building nest in a tree
MUTUALISM - both organisms benefit
Ex. barnacles on a whale
PARASITISM - one organism benefits, the other is harmed
Ex. Tapeworm in a host
74
Static load
## Footnote
Unit 7D
The weight of the structure and the non-moving load it supports is called the static load or dead load.
75
Mechanical Advantage does ( ) always equal Speed Ratio.
NOT
76
What is the formula for speed ratio
Input Distance
over
Output Distance
77
Solid structure
## Footnote
Unit 7D
Formed from a solid piece or combination of pieces, and is made up of strong materials. Additionally there is little or no space inside of it.
78
Corrugation
## Footnote
Unit 7D
forming a material into a wave like ridges or folds. flat components is to put a series of folds into the material. Example-
79
reservoir
s an artificial lake. It is used for storage and management, because many of the larger populated centers in Alberta are far from major river systems.
80
What is symbiosis?
Is the relationship between different species where at least one species benefits.
81
currents can be caused by
Wind
Temperature differences in the water
Salinity differences in the water
Earths rotation
82
Intrusive rock (a type of igneous rock)
Rock formed from magma that cooled and hardened beneath the surface
83
range of tolerance.
A wide range of species depends on the quality of the water for survival. Some species can tolerate certain changes because those changes are within their range
84
Mass
## Footnote
Unit 7D
Mass is the amount of matter in an object. The more mass an object has, the greater the gravitational force.
85
Newton
Unit for measuring force. One Newton is the amount of force needed to hold up a mass of 100 g.
86
continental shelf
is warmer water than out in the deep ocean and this area has full light penetration
87
out of osmosis and distillation, which process can purify more water.
reverse osmossis
88
Luster
-How the surface of a mineral reflects light.
-It can be metallic, waxy, greasy, dull, brilliant, glassy (vitreous), pearly, silky.
89
Chemical fertilizers
are mixtures of types of chemicals that promote plant growth
90
Dynamic load
## Footnote
Unit 7D
Dynamic load is an external force that moves or changes with time.
91
what are a different way plants reproduce
Runners: are long stems that grow along the surface of the soil
Rhizomes are stems that run underground and produce a new plant
Suckers are when roots reproduce
92
what is the average salinity of sea water?
3.5%
93
Describe the Basic Needs of all living things
Water, Food, Energy, Oxygen, and Living Conditions
| (Living conditions include clean air and safety)
94
Biological Control
When a natural predator controls a pest
Does not get rid of all the pest
95
what are the two processes that purify water?
reverse osmossis and distillation
96
define tides
Tides are the regular rising and falling of very large bodies of water
97
Amount of work done depends on 2 things:
amount of force exerted (done) on the object
distance the object moved in the direction of the applied force
98
what is hard water
Water described as "hard" is high in dissolved minerals, specifically calcium and magnesium.
99
what is a rivers sediment load
s the amount of water-borne materials such as soil, rocks and organic matter that it carries.
100
what are the three places in a house that looses the most heat
## Footnote
Unit C
35% are walls
25% is through the roof
15% is through the floor.
101
what happens if you design a structure under the influence of drugs-i mean, without consideration?
## Footnote
Unit 7D
big no-nos and dead people. (liek me)
102
Inner core
The inner core layer is solid, even though it’s very hot. The weight of the other layers has pressed the inner core into an extremely hard ball. Its radius is about 1250 km.
103
Osmosis in a cell
Movement of water particles across the cell membrane
If the water conc. Outside the cell is higher than inside the cell the cell will gain water
104
what do simple machines do.
Simple machines can increase the force you apply or change the direction of the force
105
give an example of a corrugated structure
cardboard
106
What are similar characteristics of all livings things
## Footnote
Unit A
Made up of cells
Need energy
Grow and develop
Reproduce
Have adaptations
107
thermal conductivity
is a measure of its ability to transfer heat by conduction.
108
Erosion
Occurs when the products of weather are moved from place to place.
109
what is bioinvasion?
when an organism takes up food making other organism starve
110
t are the three uses of water in order of usage
agriculture 73%, industrial 22%, domestic 5%
111
what is a niche?
Role of an organism within the ecosystem
112
Richter scale
## Footnote
Unit 7E
-The Richter scale is the system geologists use to determine the strength of an earthquake and report it to the public.
-The scale starts at 0 and goes 10.
113
What is natural selection?
## Footnote
Unit A
The weak die and the strong live. The strong then move on and produce the next better, stronger, generation.
114
define Deformation
## Footnote
Unit 7D
is more likely to cause a structure to fail than flexibility is.
115
what is force measured in
## Footnote
Unit 8D
Newtons (n)
116
Aesthetics
## Footnote
Unit C
Aesthetics refers to the pleasing appearance or effect that an object has because of its design.
117
define subsystems
## Footnote
Unit 8D
maller components of complex machines that perform one particular task
118
Define food chain
A food chain shows the general flow of energy among living things in an ecosystem.
119
How much energy is passed on in the food chain?
10 PERCENT
120
Deposition
## Footnote
Unit 8E
Is the process of these materials being laid down or deposited by wind, water and ice.
121
External force
## Footnote
Unit 7D
An External Force is a force that is applied on a structure by something else.
122
Define speed ratio
measure of how the speed of the object is affected by a machine.
Speed ratio describes how much faster the user is moving than the load is working.
123
pesticides
Used to kill insects that are harmful to crops.
124
what are mineral particles
organic particles
and humus
## Footnote
Unit A
rocks that have been broken down and allows water to run through
are from plants and animals
is partly decomposed organic matter that provides plants nutrients and absorbs water
125
how does nature affect the environment?
land slides
Tornados
tsunamis
earthquakes.
126
What does the upper part and the crust form?
The Lithosphere
127
Frame structure
## Footnote
Unit 7D
Made up of a rigid arrangement of parts, or structural components fastened.
128
what is the smaller gear is called
## Footnote
Unit 8D
a pinion.
129
Sediment
## Footnote
Unit 7E
Silt, sand, mud and gravel that gets carried in a river as it flows
130
Igneous rock
## Footnote
Unit 7C
Form from hot molten rock called magma.
131
how do humans affect the environment?
Deforestation,
air pollution
water pollution
city expansion
toxic waste.
132
define co-generation
is the production of two forms of energy at the same time from one energy source
133
give an example of a margin of safety
speed limits or weight restrictions
134
define crop rotation
is when you plant a different crop in a particular field every year
Naturally fertilizes the soil and plants are matched based on nutrient need
135
Glacier
## Footnote
Unit 7E
-Moving mass of ice and snow
-As a glacier flows it picks up rock fragments which changes the earth's surface
-Glacier melts it leaves eroded rock fragments in the form of small hills called drumlins and moraines or eskers
136
estuary
one of the most diverse and richest ecosystems. this is where fresh water and saltwater mix to form brackish water
137
Sedimentation
## Footnote
Unit 7E
Sediments being deposited, usually at the bottoms of oceans, lakes and rivers
138
A model
## Footnote
Unit 7E
It demonstrates an object or an idea that is difficult to picture in real form
139
define Transmission
## Footnote
Unit 7D
Transmissions transfer energy from the engine to the wheels.
A transmission contains a number of different gears. This enables the operator to move the object slowly with a large force, or quickly with a smaller force.
140
Speed ratio represents the ideal mechanical advantage because
Friction is not accounted for
141
What is diffusion?
Diffusion - when there is a difference between the concentration of a substance inside and outside of a cell. It always goes High to low conc.
## Footnote
Osmosis only allows solvent molecules to move freely, but diffusion allows both solvent and solute molecules to move freely.
142
Mantle
## Footnote
Unit C
The mantle is about 2900 km thick, but it isn’t the same all the way through. Makes up 2/3 of Earth's mass. Has a upper part which is solid like the crust and a lower part has partly melted rock.
143
what is the formula for efficiency
Mechanical Advantage
over X 100%
Speed Ratio
144
Remote sensing
## Footnote
Unit C
Mapping of Earth’s surface from aircraft or satellite. Can infer possible locations of valuable mineral deposits
145
define Joints
## Footnote
Unit 7D
A joint in a structure should be designed so that it uses the least amount of material and holds the greatest load.
146
is hard water safe
yes, but can do stuff to plumbing
147
Describe the carbon cycle
The carbon cycle is nature’s way of reusing carbon atoms within the atmosphere into the organisms on the Earth repeatedly.
Animals give off carbon dioxide when they breathe
Carbon is also given off by decaying plants and animals and burning of fossil fuels
Plants use carbon dioxide to make oxygen and food.
148
Margin of safety:
the limits within which a structure’s safety performance is considered to be acceptable.
149
define cutting and grafting
Cuttings are small pieces of a plant that usually have a part of the stem and a few leaves
Grafting involves attaching a part of one plant onto another plant and they eventually grow together
150
what is another term for mechanical advantage
## Footnote
Unit 8D
force ratio.
151
define yield
is the amount of useful plant part per plant
152
Herbicides
chemicals used to kill plants
153
What is primary and secondary succession?
Primary succession - Occurs in an area where no life exists due to an absence of soil
Secondary succession - a community that is stable and new species will not constantly replace old species (also known as a climax community)
154
A joint can be either be a m_______ joint or f______ joint
## Footnote
Unit 7D
movable
fixed
155
Geochemical prospecting
Making chemical analysis of samples taken from the environment
156
what uses the most energy/electricity
## Footnote
Unit C
Industry is the biggest energy user.
157
Lanslides
## Footnote
Unit 7E
Sudden and fast movements of rocks and soil down a slope.
158
Organic fertilizers
Organic fertilizers are made from sources such as animal or plant water
159
what is a Complex Machine
## Footnote
Unit 7D
are made from combinations of two or more simple machines.
160
Fluvial landform
## Footnote
Unit 7E
Landform that has been formed from running water.
161
Geophyiscal prospecting
Using sensitive instruments to detect mineral deposits hidden deep underground. Ie. Iron and copper or magnetic
162
why are we doing this
because we have no life. if you didn't get that question right, you deserve to sue the toilet as a cup.
163
What is succession
The gradual process by which some species within an ecosystem replaces other species is called Succession.
164
Friction can affect __, but not __
MA SR
165
what is the 5 Kingdom classification system?
## Footnote
Unit A
Animalia (animals)
Plantae (plants)
Fungi (yeast)
Protista (single-celled organisms)
Monera (bacteria)
166
Chemical weathering
Water and oxygen react with the minerals in rocks to produce new minerals.
167
Joints that rely on friction
-Nails screw, rivets, tacks, and staples
Interlocking pieces
Mass (bricks)
168
Work is measured in
Joules (Joules = N*m)
169
Local heating systems
provide heat for only one room or a small part of a building.
170
what is the difference between a driving gear and a driven gear
## Footnote
Unit 8D
i'm lazy and tired
171
Transpiration
Evaporation of water from the surface of the plant mainly the leaves
172
Outer core
In Earth’s molten outer core, the temperatures are so high that the rock is completely liquid or molten. This layer is about 2200 km thick.
173
give an example of a subsystem
linkage, belt, or gear.
174
What is the difference between intentional and unintentional consequences?
## Footnote
Unit A
Intentional consequences are one purpose and unintended consequences are NOT on purpose.
175
problem with pesticides
Contamination (food and environment)
Insects become resistant
*this is why we wash our fruit and vegetables!
176
Classifying Material Property
Brittleness
Ductility
Hardness
Plasticity
Resistance to heat/water
Compression
Tensile strength
177
what are the effects of plowing the soil
Over time it can damage the soil because it makes the soil particles smaller and it can become waterlogged
178
Friction can affect __, but not __
MA SR
179
parts of a refrigerator
a storage tank, a compressor, a freezer unit, condenser coils, and a refrigerant.
180
what is a thermostat
## Footnote
Unit C
The switch in a thermostat is a bimetallic strip, which consists of two different metals joined together.
When heated, one of the metals expands faster than the other one. This causes the strip to bend.
181
Flexibility:
## Footnote
Unit 7D
- ability of a material to be bent under force without breaking.
- Flexibility helps prevent the structure from deforming and breaking
182
passive heating
are heated directly by the sun’s rays.
183
give an example of a simple machine
## Footnote
Unit 7D
DO YOU THINK I CAN READ YOUR MIND? NO!
184
What is the Photosynthesis Equation?
## Footnote
Unit A
Energy + carbon dioxide + water → sugar + oxygen
Light + CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2
185
active heating
Active systems rely on some mechanical device (fans, pumps) to help transfer the sun’s energy.
186
The force on a structure depends on three things
## Footnote
Unit 8D
Magnitude (size of the force and the bigger it is the stronger it is), Direction of the force (where the force is going), and location of where the force is applied.
187
parts of an active solar heating system
## Footnote
Unit C
a collector, a heat storage unit, and a heat distribution system.
188
Environmental costs.
The negative effects on the environment of using fossil fuels
189
Define scavengers and decomposers
Scavengers: consumers that feed off remains of dead plants/animals.
Decomposers: consumers that break down dead plants/animals.
190
what photosynthesis?
Is the process where plants transform light energy into chemical energy
191
Mohs scale of hardness.
## Footnote
Unit C
Consists of 10 minerals ranked in order of hardness.
-Goes from 1-10
192
Geologists
## Footnote
Unit 7C
Are scientists that study earth
193
Capillary Action
is where water travels from the roots to the leaves through tiny tubes in the roots and stems
194
what is the formula for Mechanical advanage
## Footnote
Unit 8D
Fout over Fin
195
what is cellular respiration
## Footnote
Unit A
When an organism takes in oxygen to in order to turn sugar into energy. Also known as BREATHING.
196
what is potable water
water that is safe to drink
197
Central heating systems
provide heat from a single, central source such as a furnace. The heat transfers through a network of pipes, ducts, and vents or openings in different places around the building.
198
water is _____ pure in nature
never
199
Extrusive rock (a type of igneous rock)
Rock that was formed from lava cooling on the surface
200
What is R value
to let consumers know how effective different insulators are. The higher the R-value, the better the insulator.
201
Hydroponic system
when plants are grown without soil. The roots are buried in gravel and nutrient rich water is pumped at regular intervals.
202
currents
are streams of water that move within a larger body of water.
203
Selective breeding
selecting plants with specific traits and reproduce them
204
define waves
Waves are movements on the surface of the water
205
societal costs
The negative effects on people all together are the. Most of these costs are closely linked to environmental costs.
206
Work Efficiency Formula
Efficiency = Work Output x 100%
Work Input
207
what is active transport
Active Transport moves substances in and out of the plant cells but it requires energy
Active transport goes from low to high concentration against the gradient
208
What are specific niches called (asking for the types of niches)?
GENERALIST: have a broad niche
Thrive in different environments and can feed on a variety of food sources
SPECIALIST: have a narrow niche
Eat a limited diet and require a specific environment
209
Mechanical weathering
## Footnote
Unit C
Rock is broken apart by physical forces, such as water or wind.
210
Describe the water cycle
Evaporation
Liquid water changes to an invisible water vapour and mixes with the air.
Transpiration
Water is taken in through plant roots and released as water vapour into the air.
Condensation
Warm water vapour cools as it rises and turns into a liquid again (forms a cloud).
Precipitation
liquid water falls from the clouds back to the ground.
211
parts of a flower
carpel: stigma, style, ovary, stamen: anther and filament.
212
what is the cellular respiration formula?
## Footnote
Unit A
Sugar + Oxygen → energy + carbon dioxide + water
C6H12O6 + O2 → Energy + CO2 + H2O
213
parts of a seed
the embryo, store food, and a seed coat
214
Problems with herbicide's
Causes some organisms to starve
Build up in soil can cause less fertile soil
Can be washed into rivers/lakes
Weeds can become resistant to it
215
what is diffusion
Diffusion takes place when there is a difference between the concentration of a substance inside and outside of a cell. It always goes High to low conc.
216
give an example of ways we fasten structures together
## Footnote
Unit 7D
seams, zippers, or buckles
