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Biology > Science with Hazel Double Paper > Flashcards

Science with Hazel Double Paper Flashcards

1
Q

Plasmodium

A

Protoctist that causes malaria

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2
Q

Fungi cell wall

A

Made out of chitin

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3
Q

Hyphea

A

Thread like structures that form a network called mycelium

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4
Q

How do fungi get nutrition?

A

Saprotrophic nutrition

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5
Q

Yeast anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide

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6
Q

Carbohydrate storage in animals

A

As glycogen

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7
Q

Carbohydrate storage in fungi

A

Glycogen

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8
Q

Carbohydrate storage in plants

A

Starch

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9
Q

Cell

A

Group of organelles working together to perform the same function

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10
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells working together to perform the same function

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11
Q

Organ

A

A group of tissues working together to perform the same function

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12
Q

organ systems

A 
Digestive
Endocrine
Reproductive
Circulatory
Respiratory 
Nervous
Excretory
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13
Q

Zygote

A

One egg and sperm meet at fertilization

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14
Q

Elements in carbohydrates

A

CHO

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15
Q

Elements in proteins

A

CHON

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16
Q

Elements in lipids

A

CHO

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17
Q

Structure of lipids

A

3 fatty acids and glycerol

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18
Q

Enzymes

A

Speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up

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19
Q

Amylase

A

Made in pancreas. Catalyses breakdown of starch into glucose

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20
Q

Protease

A

Breaks down proteins into amino acids

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21
Q

Lipase

A

Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

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22
Q

Optimum enzyme temp

A

37 degrees C

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23
Q

Diffusion

A

Net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to a low concentration

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24
Q

Osmosis

A

Net movement of water from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential across a partially permeable membrane.

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25
Q

Photosyntheis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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26
Q

Photosynthesis limiting factors

A

Temperature
Carbon factor
Sunlight

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27
Q

Leaf adaptations

A

Large surface area
Thin
Flat

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28
Q

Structure of a leaf

A 
Waxy cuticle
Upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll (with air space)
Lower epidermis
Stoma and guard cells
Waxy cuticle
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29
Q

Waxy cuticle

A

Prevents transpiration in leaf

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30
Q

Transpiration

A

Loss of water vapour from leaf

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31
Q

Two veins in plants

A

Xylem and phloem

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32
Q

Xylem

A

Brings water to leaf

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33
Q

Phloem

A

Removes sugar from leaf

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34
Q

Stomata

A

Allow CO2 into the leaf, and oxygen and water to leave the leaf

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35
Q

Glucose made in photosynthesis is used in

A

Proteins
Fats
Cellulose for cell walls

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36
Q

Nitrates mineral ions

A

Build proteins

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37
Q

Magnesium mineral ions

A

Used to make chlorophyll

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38
Q

Magnesium deficient

A

Yellow leaves

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39
Q

Nitrates deficiency

A

Short plant

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40
Q

Digestion

A

Break down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones

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41
Q

Peristalsis

A

Muscular contractions push the bolus of food down the oesophagus

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42
Q

Bile

A

Made in liver. Stored in gallbladder. Emulsifies fat. Increases low pH

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43
Q

Villi structure

A 
Thin surface layer
Capillaries 
Lacteal (fat absorption)
Blood vessels
Microvillo
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44
Q

How small intestine is adapted for role

A

Large surface area with villi and microvilli. Lots of capillaries. Thin wall - short diffusion distance. Lacteals absorb fats

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45
Q

Large intestine

A

Water is reabsorbed into blood

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46
Q

Rectum

A

Where the faeces is stored

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47
Q

Egestion

A

The removal of faeces from the anus

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48
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of waste products of metabolism

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49
Q

Metabolism

A

The rate at which chemical reactions take place.

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50
Q

Assimilation

A

Building up large molecules from smaller ones

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51
Q

Nutrient

A 
Carbohydrates 
Fats
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Fibre
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52
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Bread rice and pasta.

Source of energy

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53
Q

Proteins

A

Meats

Important for growth and repair of muscles

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54
Q

Protein deficieny

A

Kwashiorkor

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55
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

Ball stomachs

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56
Q

Fats

A

Dairy products
Concentrated energy source
Insulation

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57
Q

Vitamin C

A

Citrus fruits
Repair of tissues
Sticks together tissues in mouth

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58
Q

Vit C deficiency

A

Scurvy

Mouth bleeds

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59
Q

Vit D

A

Strong bones
Fish liver oils
Sun :)

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60
Q

Vit D deficiency

A

Ricketts in children

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61
Q

Vitamin a

A

Vision in dim light

Found in fish oils and margarine

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62
Q

Vit a deficiency

A

Night blindness

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63
Q

Iron

A

Red meats and spinach

Haemoglobin

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64
Q

Iron deficieny

A

Anaemia

Tiredness and exhaustion

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65
Q

Calcium

A

Mineral for teeth and bones

Found in milk

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66
Q

Calcium deficieny

A

Ricketts

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67
Q

Fibre

A

Prevents constipation

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68
Q

Water

A

Supports all chemical reactions in the body

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69
Q

Respiration

A

Carried out in mitochondria for energy release

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70
Q

ATP uses

A

Cell division
To build up large molecules from smaller ones
Active transport
Muscle contraction

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71
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

6O2 + C6O12H6 –> 6H2O + 6CO2 + (ATP)

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72
Q

Anaerobic respiration in animal cells

A

Glucose –> lactate (+energy)

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73
Q

Oxygen debt

A

Oxygen required to break down lactate in muscles

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74
Q

How are lungs kept clean

A

Goblet and ciliated cells

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75
Q

Goblet cell

A

Secretes mucus

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76
Q

Ciliated cell

A

Waft mucus out of the way

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77
Q

Breathing in

A

External intercostal muscles contract. Ribs up and out. Diaphragm contracts.

78
Q

Breathing out

A

Internal intercostal muscles contract. Ribs move down and in. Diaphragm relaxes

79
Q

Alveoli adaptations

A

Large surface area
Good blood supply
Thin walls - short diffusion pathway
Moist to dissolve gases

80
Q

Plant Root structure

A

Xylem as an x in the centre, phloem had circles around that

81
Q

Plant stem structure

A

Other layer is the phloem, inner is the xylem

82
Q

Phloem

A

Transports sugar, and some insects will bite it. Phloem is in the outside of the stem. Glucose transported around the plant

83
Q

Xylem

A

Transport water and mineral ions where its absorbed from root hair cells to leaves

84
Q

Xylem structure

A

Continuous columns
Dead cells
Lignin

85
Q

Phloem structure

A

Sieve plate elements and companion cells.

86
Q

Components of blood

A

Red blood cells
Plasma (acts as suspension)
Platelets
White blood cells

87
Q

Plasma

A

Transports CO2 urea glucose amino acids hormones around the body

88
Q

Red blood cells structure

A

Bioconcave disc shape maximizes surface area ratio. No nucleus. Haemoglobin binds to oxygen.

89
Q

How pathogen are prevented

A

Skin
HCl in stomach
Tears, eye lashes and nose hairs

90
Q

Phagocytes

A

Engulf or ingest pathogens and secrete digestive enzymes

91
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Recognizes antigens on pathogen. Secretes antibodies that destroy the pathogen.
By labelling the pathogen making it easier for phagocytes to see
Neutralizes toxins
Makes pathogen stick together
Makes the pathogen burst open on some occasions

92
Q

Heart structure

A

Right atrium left atrium

Right ventricle left ventricle

93
Q

Ventricles vs Atria

A

Ventricles have thicker walls than the atria because they pump blood further and at higher pressures

94
Q

Right and left ventricle difference

A

Left ventricle is thicker because it had more distance to cover with the blood

95
Q

Hepatic

A

Relating to the liver

96
Q

Renal

A

Relating to the kidneys

97
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Blood from the digestive system to the liver

98
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

Supplying the heart with it’s own oxygen requirements. Blocked arteries mean the heart dies and gets a heart attack. Sedentary lifestyle diet smoking inheritance and stress make this disease more likely

99
Q

How is heart rate increased

A 
Adrenaline increases heart rate
Muscles produce CO2 when exercising
Receptors in aorta detect this increase
Electrical impulses sent to medulla
Accelerator nerve raises heart rate
100
Q

Lumen

A

Hole in an artery and vein

101
Q

Artery structure

A

Narrow lumen. Thick walls (muscle and elastic)

102
Q

Vein structure

A

Large lumen and thin walls (muscle and elastic). Valves that prevent the back flow of blood.

103
Q

Capillaries

A

Narrow lumen. One cell thick wall with endothelial cells.

104
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of waste products of metabolism from the body

105
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a steady internal environment

106
Q

Stimulus

A

A change in the environment

107
Q

What stimuli do plants need to respond to

A

Light and gravity

108
Q

Tropism

A

A plants response to a directional stimulus

109
Q

Phototropism

A

A plants response to lighr

110
Q

Geotropism

A

A plants response to gravity

111
Q

Phototropism in plant parts

A

Stem shows positive phototropism

Roots show negative phototropism ( grow away from light )

112
Q

Geotropism in plant parts

A

Roots show positive geotropism

Stem shows negative geotropism

113
Q

Auxins

A

Plant hormones

114
Q

How to auxins work in stems

A

In a stem, auxins concentrate on the side furthest from the light - cell elongation causes the stemtk bend towards the kight

115
Q

Coleoptiles

A

Cereal seedlings used to investigate tropisms

116
Q

Clinostate

A

Negates the effects of gravity or light

117
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers which travel in the blood

118
Q

Differences between hormonal and nervous system

A

Nervous is much faster. Nervous system involves very localized responses. Nervous system responses are short lived.

119
Q

Effector (nervous system)

A

Muscle or a gland

120
Q

Synapse

A

The gap between two neurons

121
Q

Neurottansmitter6

A

Diffuses across the synapse and binds to the post synaptic membrane

122
Q

List of responses in a nervous response

A

Stimulus. Receptor. Sensory neurone. CNS. Motor neurone. Effector. Response.

123
Q

List of responses in a reflex action

A

Stimulus. Receptor. Sensory neurone. Relay neurone. Motor neurone. Effector. Response.

124
Q

Role of the skin

A 
Sense pain touch pressure
Tough outer layer
Controls heat loss
Barrier against pathogens
Prevents water loss
125
Q

What happens when your temp is too high?

A

Hairz lay flat
Vasodilation
Sweating

126
Q

Gametes

A

Eggs and sperm that fuse at fertilisation

127
Q

What happens to a zygote after it is first fertilized

A

Zygoty divides by mitosis to form an embryo

128
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Genetically identical offspring

129
Q

Examples of asexual reproduction in plants

A

Strawberry runners
Potato tubers
They produce mini plants which are clones of the original. These can be cut off and planted somewhere else.

130
Q

Male parts of the plant

A

Stamen:

Anther (contains the pollen grains, the male gametes) and the filament ( supports the anther)

131
Q

Female parts of the plant

A

Carpel:

Stigma, style and ovary

132
Q

Sexual reproduction in plants

A

Pollination (transfer of pollen from another to stigma); pollen tube goes down the style. Pollen meets ovule, fertilization takes place. Ovule forms seed. Ovule wall becomes seed coat. Ovary wall forms the fruit

133
Q

Pollination

A

Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

134
Q

Insect pollination adaptations

A

Colourful petals
Nectary
Enclosed stigma and anther
Strong scent

135
Q

Wind pollination adaptations

A 
Anther are exposed
Dull coloured
Small petals
No scent
Absence of nectary
Small pollen grains
136
Q

Germination

A

Seed coat bursts. Radicle grows down. Shoot grows up. Food store used up. Warmth oxygen and water are needed.

137
Q

Female reproductive system

A

Vagina. Cervix (entrance to uterus). Uterus. Fallopian tubes ending in the ovaries.

138
Q

Ovaries

A

Manufacture eggs and make oestrogen

139
Q

Fallopian tube

A

Delivers eggs to uterus - site of fertilisation

140
Q

Uterus

A

Where the zygote implants and then embryo develops.

141
Q

Urethra

A

Transports urine out of the body

142
Q

Testes

A

Make sperm and testosterone

143
Q

Sperm duct

A

Tube that transports semen from the testes to the urethra

144
Q

Urethra (male)

A

Transports urine and semen out of the body

145
Q

Penis

A

Passes urine out of the body and deliver semen into the vagina.

146
Q

Placenta

A

Supplies the foetus with oxygen glucose and amino acids. Remove urea CO2 and waste materials.

147
Q

Oestrogen

A

Produced by ovaries. Responsible for secondary sexual characteristics (changes that occur during puberty). Repairs the uterus lining.

148
Q

Progesterome

A

Made in placenta and corpus luteum (left over structure when the egg is ovulated). Maintain the thickness of uterus lining.

149
Q

Why do we need thick uterus linings

A

Thin linings can lead to miscarriages. Needs to be thicc to support growing fetus.

150
Q

Testosterone

A

Puberty changes in males

151
Q

Genome

A

Entire DNA of an organism

152
Q

How many chromosomes in a human bodyy

A

46 (a dilpoid)

Half a set is a haploid (a diploid is a pair of haploids (23))

153
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA which codes for a protein

154
Q

Allele

A

Different form of the same gene (eg blue eyes)

155
Q

Genotype

A

The alleles of an organism (bb, Bb, BB)

156
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical appearance of a genotype

157
Q

Homozygous

A

Two of the same alleles

158
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 different alleles

159
Q

Recessive allele

A

Only expressed if the dominant allele is not present

160
Q

Dominant allele

A

Allele expressed even if only one is present

161
Q

Meiosis

A

Used to make gametes (sex cells)

162
Q

Mitosis

A

Used in growth and repair, cloning and asexual reproduction. Genetically identical offspring

163
Q

4 stages of cell division

A

Pro phase
Meta phase
Anaphase
Telophase

164
Q

Species

A

Individuals which can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

165
Q

Mutation

A

A rare random change to the DNA of an organism

166
Q

Evolution

A

Many organisms which are alive today and many more which are now extinct first evolved from simple life forms which first evolved more than 3.2 billion year ago

167
Q

Mechanism of natural selection

A

Variation due to mutation
Individuals better adapted are more likely to survive and reproduce
Alleles passed into offspring
Repeats over many generations

168
Q

Environment

A

The total non biological living components in an ecosystem (soil and water)

169
Q

Habitar

A

Space where a specific organism lives

170
Q

Producer

A

A plant which photosynthesis to produce food

171
Q

Consumer

A

Animal which eats other animals or plants

172
Q

Decomposer

A

Organism which breaks down dead material and recycles nutrients.

173
Q

Parasite

A

An organism that lives another organism, feeding and causing harm.

174
Q

Biotic factors

A

Living factors like competition for food, nesting sites or disease

175
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Non living factors. Soil ph temp water daylight hours

176
Q

Pyramids of number

A

Shows the number of each organism at a specific trophic level (stage in a good chain)

177
Q

Biomass

A

Mass of living material

178
Q

Why energy is lost from one trophic level to the next

A 
Not all the plant is eaten
Some parts are indigestible
Sweat and urine
Respiration 
Homeostasis
179
Q

Carbon cycle

A 
CO2 absorbed by green plants
Used to make glucose and proteins
Respiration
Plants eaten by animals
Respiration
Animals and plants decomposed
Respiration from decomposition
Combustion fuels release CO2 as well
180
Q

Greenhouse gasses

A

CO2, methane water vapour and nitrous oxides

181
Q

Effects of greenhouse gases

A 
Global warming
Ice caps melt
Sea levels rise
Low lying land floods
Loss of biodiversity
Extreme weather
Bird migration messed up
182
Q

Acid rain

A

Damages trees
Damages limestone
Damages buildings
Makes lakes too acidic

183
Q

Pesticide

A

Chemical which kills pests
Easy to use, readily available.
Expensive, while to decompose, often kill animals that arent pests.

184
Q

Biological crop control

A

Using animals to kill pests. Tend to reproduce. Jon toxic. Have been known to eat other things. Never fully eradicate the pests. Might disturb food chain. Slow process.

185
Q

Biological control

186
Q

Anaerobic respiration in lactobacillus bulgaricus

A

Lactose –> lactic acid

187
Q

Fermenter

A

A vessel containing micro organisms that are involved in fermentation reactions

188
Q

Suitable conditions within fermenter

A 
Nutrients (to feed microorganisms)
PH
Air supply for aerobic respiration 
Temp
Agitation
189
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone that lowers our blood sugars after a meal

190
Q

Recombinant plasmid

A

A plasmid that has been re combined and changed

Biology (3 decks)

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