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7th grade year > science waves and sound > Flashcards

science waves and sound Flashcards

1
Q

the ability to do work

A

energy

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2
Q

a disturbance that transfers energy from place to place

A

wave

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3
Q

the material through which a wave travels

A

medium

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4
Q

What is the medium for sound waves?

A

air

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5
Q

What is the material through which water waves travel?

A

along the water surface

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6
Q

Waves that travel through a medium are what kind of waves? Does the medium move with the mechanical wave?

A

mechanical waves - no

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7
Q

Give an example of an electromagnetic wave that can travel through empty space.

A

light

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8
Q

What type of wave can travel without a medium?

A

electromagnetic waves - light

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9
Q

Why doesn’t the medium travel with the wave?

A

The wave transfers the energy to the medium’s particles.

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10
Q

What is necessary to cause a wave?

A

energy causes a medium to vibrate

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11
Q

What is vibration?

A

a repeated back and forth or up and down motion

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12
Q

What are the two types of mechanical waves, and how are they classified?

A

transverse waves - - moves at right angles to the direction the wave is traveling
longitudinal waves - move parallel to direction wave is traveling

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13
Q

What is the high point on a transverse wave?

A

crest

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14
Q

What is the low point on a transverse wave?

A

trough

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15
Q

What do we call the coils in a longitudinal wave that are closer together?

A

compressions

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16
Q

What do we call the coils in a longitudinal wave that are further apart?

A

rarefactions

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17
Q

Is sound a longitudinal or a transverse wave?

A

longitudinal

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18
Q

What is amplitude of a transverse wave?

A

the height of the crest or the depth of a trough

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19
Q

What is the amplitude of a longitudinal wave?

A

the density of the compression or how spread out the rarefaction

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20
Q

What increases the amplitude of a wave?

A

energy

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21
Q

What is the distance between two corresponding parts of a wave?
crest to crest or trough to trough or distance between compressions

A

wavelength

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22
Q

the number of waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time

A

frequency

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23
Q

What unit is frequency measured in?

A

hertz (Hz), waves per second

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24
Q

What is the relationship between speed, wavelength, and frequency

A

speed = wavelength X frequency

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25
Q

What happens to the speed of a wave at a constant temperature and pressure if the medium doesn’t change?

A

speed is constant

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26
Q

when an object or a wave hits a surface through which it cannot pass it bounces back and is called what

A

reflection

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27
Q

Give 2 examples of reflections.

A

ball bouncing off a wall

echo of sound

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28
Q

What is the law of reflection?

A

angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection

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29
Q

Where is the line of “normal?”

A

perpendicular

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30
Q

What is the angle of incidence?

A

from the incoming wave to “normal”

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31
Q

What is the angle of reflection?

A

from “normal” to the reflected wave

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32
Q

What is refraction?

A

bending

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33
Q

What causes waves to refract or bend?

A

when a wave enters a new medium at an angle and one side changes speed before the other side

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34
Q

How is a rainbow an example of refraction?

A

The white light hits the water droplets and bends.

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35
Q

What is it called when a wave moves around a barrier or through an opening in a barrier, it bends and spreads out?

A

diffraction

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36
Q

the interaction of waves that meet

A

interference

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37
Q

What are the two types of interference?

A

constructive - waves combine for a larger amplitude

destructive - waves combine for a smaller amplitude

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38
Q

What is the new amplitude when two constructive waves meet?

A

sum of original amplitudes

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39
Q

What is the new amplitude when two destructive waves meet?

A

difference between original amplitudes

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40
Q

a wave that appears to be standing in one place, actually two waves interfering as they pass through each other

A

standing wave

41
Q

What are the points of zero amplitude on a standing wave?

A

nodes

42
Q

What are the points of maximum amplitude on a standing wave?

A

antinodes

43
Q

What spots are the points of maximum energy on a standing wave?

A

antinodes

44
Q

an increase in the amplitude of a vibration that occurs when external vibrations match an object’s natural frequency

A

resonance

45
Q

When can resonance be good?

A

a musical instrument can make a fuller sound

46
Q

When can resonance be bad?

A

in an earthquake when the resonance causes more damage

47
Q

waves produced by earthquakes

A

seismic

48
Q

Name, and describe the three types of seismic waves.

A

P - primary - move faster - arrive first, made of compressions and rarefactions of molten rock
S - secondary - transverse, shake ground up and down and side to side, don’t travel through liquids
surface waves - combination waves on surface, move most slowly, make ground roll

49
Q

Why can’t S waves be seen on the other side of the Earth?

A

core is molten

50
Q

surface waves on the ocean

A

tsunamis

51
Q

What makes tsunamis so large?

A

Waves further back catch up as water gets more shallow

52
Q

tool for measuring seismic activity

A

seismograph - compare P and S waves and using at least three seismographs

53
Q

How do scientists use seismographs to find oil and other resources?

A

set off explosives and measure waves

54
Q

What do sound waves begin with?

A

vibration

55
Q

What type of wave is sound?

A

longitudinal wave

56
Q

What is a reflected sound wave?

A

echo

57
Q

What factors affect the speed of sound?

A

elasticity, density, and temperature of the medium

58
Q

ability of a material to bounce back after being disturbed

A

elasticity

59
Q

Why does sound travel better in solids than in liquids or gases?

A

more elastic

60
Q

how much matter or mass is in a given volume

A

density

61
Q

The more dense a material of the same state, the (faster or slower) sound travels.

A

slower

62
Q

What does temperature do to the speed of sound? Why?

A

travels more slowly at lower temperatures because particles are moving more slowly

63
Q

Who was the first person to break the sound barrier? How did he do it?

A

Captain Chuck Yeager - went to a higher altitude where sound travels more slowly

64
Q

your perception of the energy of a sound

A

loudness

65
Q

What two factors affect loudness?

A

energy it takes to make the sound (amplitude) and distance from the source of the sound

66
Q

the amount of energy a sound wave carries per second through a unit area - why does this decrease with distance

A

intensity - sound waves spread out

67
Q

the unit used to measure the loudness of a sound

A

decibels (dB)

68
Q

the frequency of a sound wave

A

pitch - high or low sounds

69
Q

Within what decibel range can most people hear?

A

20-20,000Hz

70
Q

What do we call frequencies above and below our range of hearing?

A

ultrasonic - above

infrasonic - below

71
Q

your voice box

A

larynx

72
Q

What vibrates inside your voice box?

A

vocal cords

73
Q

What happens to the vocal cords to change the pitch of a sound?

A

tighten or relax

74
Q

the phenomenon where a moving sound causes the frequency to change

A

Doppler Effect

75
Q

the loud noise when a plane breaks the sound barrier and sound waves overlap

A

sonic boom

76
Q

a set of notes in a pleasing pattern

A

music

77
Q

the lowest natural frequency of an object

A

fundamental tone

78
Q

the objects higher natural frequencies beyond its fundamental tone

A

overtones

79
Q

What determines the loudness of the overtones in a musical instrument?

A

shape and material

80
Q

What are the three basic groups of musical instruments?

A

string - strings vibrate
wind - brass (lips vibrate on mouthpiece) and woodwind (reed vibrates) to move a column of air - longer columns make a lower note
percussion - vibrate when struck - pitch depends on size, material, and tension

81
Q

the study of how sounds interact with one another and the environment

A

acoustics

82
Q

when the echoes of a sound are heard after the sound source stops

A

reverberation

83
Q

How are acoustics used in the design of concert halls?

A

to control reverberation and interference

84
Q

What does the outer ear do to sound?

A

funnels it

85
Q

the tube from the outer ear to the eardrum

A

ear canal

86
Q

the stretched membrane at the end of the ear canal

A

eardrum

87
Q

What makes up the middle ear?

A

three bones - hammer, anvil, and stirrup

88
Q

the fluid-filled snail-shaped chamber in the inner ear

A

cochlea

89
Q

What structures in the cochlea of the inner ear move to hear?

A

hair cells

90
Q

What can cause hearing loss?

A

injury, infection, aging, and exposure to loud sounds

91
Q

What is the most common kind of hearing loss as hair cells die and are not replaced

A

loss of high frequency sounds

92
Q

some animals, including bats and dolphins

A

echolocation

93
Q

Bats and dolphins use what type of sound for echolocation?

A

ultrasonic

94
Q

How do dolphins sense the reflected sound waves?

A

their jaw bones

95
Q

How do bats sense reflected sound waves?

A

their ears

96
Q

a system employed by humans to use reflected sound waves to locate objects underwater

A

sonar - sound navigation and ranging

97
Q

What is sonar used for?

A

mapping ocean floor, finding sunken ships, determining depth

98
Q

How does sonar work?

A

the longer it takes sound to bounce back, the farther away the object

99
Q

sound imaging techniques in the body

A

sonogram, ultrasound

7th grade year (7 decks)

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