Science Wars & Reproducibility Crisis

Question 1

Who said, “Science is a set of methods designed to describe and interpret observed or inferred phenomena, past or present, and aimed at building a testable body of knowledge open to rejection or confirmation”?

Answer 1

Shermer, 1997

Question 2

a well supported and well tested hypothesis or set of hypothesis is called

Answer 2

scientific theory

Question 3

a conclusion confirmed to such an extent that it would be reasonable to offer provisional agreement

Answer 3

scientific fact

Question 4

4 steps to scientific method

Answer 4

1. Make Hypothesis
2. Gather Evidence
3. Test Them
4. Revise you Hypothesis as needed

Question 5

5 level of analysis in science

Answer 5

1. Ontology
2. Epistemology
3. Sociology of Knowledge
4. Individual Ethics
5. Social Ethics

Question 6

What type of analytical question is “What objects exist in the world?”

Answer 6

Ontological

Question 7

What type of analytical question is “what types of research ought a scientist to undertake?”

Answer 7

individual ethics

Question 8

Who said, “two groups - comparable in intelligence, identical in race, not grossly different in social origins, earnign about the same income, who had almost ceased to communicate at all” ?

Answer 8

C.P. Snow

Question 9

Those who self-identified in one field or the other no longer have what to communicate with eachother?

Answer 9

Lingua Franca

Question 10

Lingua Franca

Answer 10

a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.

Question 11

Who spoke of knowledge cultures or knowledge societies?

Answer 11

Karin Knorr Cetina

Question 12

Knowledge Cultures

Answer 12

a social group shaped by affinity, necessity and historical coincidence that researches and admits knowledge in that group

Question 13

a common spave in which members of society are deemed to meet to discuss matters of common interest; and thus to be able to form a common mind about these

Answer 13

Public Sphere

Question 14

The New Priesthood spoke about the military and science coming together to..

Answer 14

develop the nuclear reactor systems and help in the weaponizing of the science with technology

Question 15

Who spoke about the uncertainty principle?

Answer 15

Heisenberg

Question 16

“the more precisely you determine a particles position, the less precisely you measure the momentum” was said by

Answer 16

Heisenberg

Question 17

What is the term for the 1970s movement that changed the character of the sciences by questioning the idea that the organized pursuit of knowledge has a unique and natural course of development?

Answer 17

Postmodernism

Question 18

What terms is increasingly used for the tendency in the history of western thought that postmodernism is said to have undermined?

Answer 18

Enlightenment

Question 19

Scientific Theories, like other forms of knowledge, are also considered socially….

Answer 19

constructed

Question 20

Strong Constructivism

Answer 20

a denial that objective reality plays any role in this consensus building

Question 21

Weak Constructivism

Answer 21

Objective reality plays some role but the conventions are more central

Question 22

3 key authors of the sociology of science

Answer 22

Latour, Callon, and Law

Question 23

A methodology for the study of science is by examining it from what perspective?

Answer 23

a sociological perspective

Question 24

Opposite of scientists

Answer 24

critics

Question 25

Opposite of rationalists

Answer 25

romantics

Question 26

Sokal’s issues with the sociology of science

Answer 26

the natural world has a small or nonexistent role in the construction of scientific knowledge

Question 27

“To what extent are the truths known by humans in any given society influenced by social, economic, political, cultural, and ideological factors?” is what type of analytical question

Answer 27

Sociology of knowledge

Question 28

“What types of research ought society to encourage, subsidize or publicly fund” is what type of question?

Answer 28

social ethics

Question 29

the chance that an independent experiment targeting the same scientific question will produce a result consistent with the original study is called what?

Answer 29

Replicability

Question 30

The ability to recompute data analytic results, given an observed data set and knowledge of the data analysis pipeline is called…

Answer 30

Reproducibility

Question 31

What was the reproducibility crisis?

Answer 31

In the field of psychology, a number of researchers were finding it difficult to reproduce the results of an experiment

Question 32

Results of the reproducability crisis

Answer 32

about 1/3 to 1/2 of the original findings were also observed in the replication study

Question 33

Malcom Macloed said what about stroke research

Answer 33

15% of studies were plausibly corrects

Question 34

Glenn Begley said what about oncology studies

Answer 34

the 11% of oncology studies were replicated successfully

Question 35

Two wasy to make sense of big data

Answer 35

1. Get better a math and statistics

2. Get better at the rhetoric of science and health

Question 36

Peng’s Data Analytic Literacy states that data science skills cover: (4)

Answer 36

1. Formulating quantitative questions
2. Cleaning data
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Producing Reproducible Reports

Question 37

2 aspects of getting better at math and science

Answer 37

1. Data Analytic Literacy

2. Increase Rigor

Question 38

Increased rigor involves

Answer 38

practices and processes within the labs themselves

Question 39

5 aspects to getting better at the rhetoric of health and science

Answer 39

1. Critical Thinking
2. Media Literacy
3. Framing
4. Social Construction
5. Analyzing the Arguments

Question 40

a belief or process which masquerades as science in an attempt to claim a legitimacy which it would not otherwise be able to achieve on its own terms is called

Answer 40

pseudoscience

Question 41

the use of the style, assumptions, techniques and other attributes typically displayed by scientists is called

Answer 41

scientism

Question 42

Science’s basic rules and demands for evidence can provide a toolkit to combat…

Answer 42

presumptive baloney

Question 43

5 tools for skeptical thinking

Answer 43

1. Independent confirmation of the facts
2. Authority carries little weight
3. Quantify everything
4. Use more than one hypothesis
5. Reduce ownership and attachment