Science Wars & Reproducibility Crisis Flashcards
Who said, “Science is a set of methods designed to describe and interpret observed or inferred phenomena, past or present, and aimed at building a testable body of knowledge open to rejection or confirmation”?
Shermer, 1997
a well supported and well tested hypothesis or set of hypothesis is called
scientific theory
a conclusion confirmed to such an extent that it would be reasonable to offer provisional agreement
scientific fact
4 steps to scientific method
- Make Hypothesis
- Gather Evidence
- Test Them
- Revise you Hypothesis as needed
5 level of analysis in science
- Ontology
- Epistemology
- Sociology of Knowledge
- Individual Ethics
- Social Ethics
What type of analytical question is “What objects exist in the world?”
Ontological
What type of analytical question is “what types of research ought a scientist to undertake?”
individual ethics
Who said, “two groups - comparable in intelligence, identical in race, not grossly different in social origins, earnign about the same income, who had almost ceased to communicate at all” ?
C.P. Snow
Those who self-identified in one field or the other no longer have what to communicate with eachother?
Lingua Franca
Lingua Franca
a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.
Who spoke of knowledge cultures or knowledge societies?
Karin Knorr Cetina
Knowledge Cultures
a social group shaped by affinity, necessity and historical coincidence that researches and admits knowledge in that group
a common spave in which members of society are deemed to meet to discuss matters of common interest; and thus to be able to form a common mind about these
Public Sphere
The New Priesthood spoke about the military and science coming together to..
develop the nuclear reactor systems and help in the weaponizing of the science with technology
Who spoke about the uncertainty principle?
Heisenberg
“the more precisely you determine a particles position, the less precisely you measure the momentum” was said by
Heisenberg
What is the term for the 1970s movement that changed the character of the sciences by questioning the idea that the organized pursuit of knowledge has a unique and natural course of development?
Postmodernism
What terms is increasingly used for the tendency in the history of western thought that postmodernism is said to have undermined?
Enlightenment
Scientific Theories, like other forms of knowledge, are also considered socially….
constructed
Strong Constructivism
a denial that objective reality plays any role in this consensus building
Weak Constructivism
Objective reality plays some role but the conventions are more central
3 key authors of the sociology of science
Latour, Callon, and Law
A methodology for the study of science is by examining it from what perspective?
a sociological perspective
Opposite of scientists
critics
Opposite of rationalists
romantics
Sokal’s issues with the sociology of science
the natural world has a small or nonexistent role in the construction of scientific knowledge
“To what extent are the truths known by humans in any given society influenced by social, economic, political, cultural, and ideological factors?” is what type of analytical question
Sociology of knowledge
“What types of research ought society to encourage, subsidize or publicly fund” is what type of question?
social ethics
the chance that an independent experiment targeting the same scientific question will produce a result consistent with the original study is called what?
Replicability
The ability to recompute data analytic results, given an observed data set and knowledge of the data analysis pipeline is called…
Reproducibility
What was the reproducibility crisis?
In the field of psychology, a number of researchers were finding it difficult to reproduce the results of an experiment
Results of the reproducability crisis
about 1/3 to 1/2 of the original findings were also observed in the replication study
Malcom Macloed said what about stroke research
15% of studies were plausibly corrects
Glenn Begley said what about oncology studies
the 11% of oncology studies were replicated successfully
Two wasy to make sense of big data
- Get better a math and statistics
2. Get better at the rhetoric of science and health
Peng’s Data Analytic Literacy states that data science skills cover: (4)
- Formulating quantitative questions
- Cleaning data
- Statistical Analysis
- Producing Reproducible Reports
2 aspects of getting better at math and science
- Data Analytic Literacy
2. Increase Rigor
Increased rigor involves
practices and processes within the labs themselves
5 aspects to getting better at the rhetoric of health and science
- Critical Thinking
- Media Literacy
- Framing
- Social Construction
- Analyzing the Arguments
a belief or process which masquerades as science in an attempt to claim a legitimacy which it would not otherwise be able to achieve on its own terms is called
pseudoscience
the use of the style, assumptions, techniques and other attributes typically displayed by scientists is called
scientism
Science’s basic rules and demands for evidence can provide a toolkit to combat…
presumptive baloney
5 tools for skeptical thinking
- Independent confirmation of the facts
- Authority carries little weight
- Quantify everything
- Use more than one hypothesis
- Reduce ownership and attachment
