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ATI TEAS > Science Vocabulary > Flashcards

Science Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

pH Scale

A

A logarithmic scale used to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in an aqueous solution.

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2
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg with full set of genetic material resulting from merging of egg and sperm nuclei

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3
Q

Weak Base

A

A base that only partially forms its conjugate acid in water

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4
Q

Weak Acid

A

An acid that partially dissociates in aqueous solution

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5
Q

Voluntary

A

With intentional control

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6
Q

Volumetric Pipette

A

A device used for precise measurement of small amounts of liquid volume

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7
Q

Volume

A

The amount of space something takes up

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8
Q

Vitamin D

A

A vitamin made by the skin that helps the intestine absorb dietary calcium

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9
Q

Viscera

A

The internal organs in the main cavities of the body

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10
Q

Virus

A

A noncellular entity that consists of a central core of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid

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11
Q

Ventilation

A

The movement of air in and out of the body via inhalation and exhalation

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12
Q

Veins

A

Vessels that carry blood toward the heart from other body parts

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13
Q

Vector

A

A living organism that transmits an infectious agent from an infected animal to a human or another animal

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14
Q

Vas Deferens

A

The duct in which sperm moves from a testicle to the urethra

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15
Q

Variables

A

The condition in an experiment that may be changed or manipulated

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16
Q

Valence Electrons

A

An electron in an outer orbital that can form bonds with other atoms

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17
Q

Vagina

A

The canal that connects the external genitals to the cervix in the female

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18
Q

Vaccine

A

A solution of dead or weakened pathogen introduced to the body for the purpose of stimulating antibody production for the pathogen

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19
Q

Volkmann Canal

A

Channels in bone that transmit blood vessels and communicate with Haversian canals. Also called perforating canals.

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20
Q

Uterus

A

The womb

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21
Q

Urine

A

Liquid waste excreted by the kidneys

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22
Q

Urinary System

A

The system composed of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra that functions in the excretory process

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23
Q

Urinary Bladder

A

The structure that stores urine in the body until elimination

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24
Q

Urethra

A

The duct that delivers urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

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25
Q

Ureter

A

The duct that delivers urine from the kidney to the bladder

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26
Q

Urea

A

The main nitrogenous part of urine

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27
Q

Unsaturated Solution

A

A solution containing less than the maximum possible amount of a solute

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28
Q

Tubular Reabsorption

A

Movement of useful material from filtrate back into the bloodstream

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29
Q

Triple Point

A

The temperature and pressure at which solid, liquid and gas phases of a pure substance coexist

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30
Q

Translation

A

The protein synthesis that takes place after mRNA exits the nucleus and binds to a ribosome

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31
Q

Trachea

A

The windpipe, which connects the larynx to the lungs

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32
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells with similar structure that function together as a unit, but at a lower level than organs

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33
Q

Tidal Volume

A

The amount of air breathed in a normal inhalation or exhalation

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34
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

The gland in the neck that secretes hormones that regulate growth, development , and metabolic rate

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35
Q

Thymus

A

The lymphoid organ that produces T-cells

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36
Q

Testosterone

A

The hormone that stimulates male secondary sexual characteristics

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37
Q

Testes (Testicles)

A

The male gonads. The organs that produce sperm

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38
Q

Tendons

A

Tough connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

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39
Q

Tendonitis

A

Inflammation of a tendon

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40
Q

Template Strand

A

A sequence of bases on a strand of DNA that is used to form a complementary mRNA molecule

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41
Q

Temperature

A

A measure of the average kinetic energy of a particles of a substance

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42
Q

Telophase II

A

The state in meiosis II in which nuclear membranes for as the two daughter cells from meiosis I separate into four haploid daughter cells with chromosomes consisting of a single chromatid each

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43
Q

Telophase II

A

The stage in meiosis I in which nuclear membranes form as the cell separates into two haploid daughter cells with chromosomes consisting of two sister chromatids

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44
Q

Telophase

A

The state in mitosis in which two nuclei form and the daughter cells separate

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45
Q

Target Site

A

A particular cell type or organ which a specific hormone can have an effect

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46
Q

T cells

A

White blood cells that mature in the thymus and participate in an immune response

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47
Q

Systole

A

The portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart expels blood

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48
Q

Synthesis Reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which two different substances combine to form a more complex product

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49
Q

Synapse

A

The structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons, muscles or glands

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50
Q

Sweat

A

Perspiration excreted by sweat glands through the skin

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51
Q

Sutures

A

Joints, such as those between the plates of the skull, that do not allow motion

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52
Q

Surfactant

A

A fluid secreted by alveoli and found in the lungs

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53
Q

Supersaturated Solution

A

A solution that has been raised to a higher temperature in order to dissolve more solute than would be possible at room temperature

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54
Q

Sugars

A

The monomers used to build polysaccharides; also molecules made of two or a few monosaccharide units that are used for fuel in the body

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55
Q

Sublimation

A

The transition of a substance from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state

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56
Q

Subcutaneous

A

Under the dermis

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57
Q

Strong Base

A

A base that loses its protons more readily than other bases and completely dissociates in aqueous solution

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58
Q

Strong Acid

A

An acid that loses its protons more easily than other acids and completely dissociates in water

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59
Q

Stomach

A

The organ between the esophagus and small intestine in which the major portion of digestion occurs

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60
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

Hormones made from cholesterol

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61
Q

Spongy Bone

A

A type of bone having fewer osteons , and therefore, lighter than compact (dense) bones

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62
Q

Specific Heat Capacty

A

The amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 C

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63
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls conscious skeletal muscle function

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64
Q

Solvent

A

The substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution

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65
Q

Solution

A

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances whose components are uniformly distributed on a microscopic scale

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66
Q

Solute

A

The substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution

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67
Q

Solid

A

A state of matter that retains its shape and density when not contained

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68
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Muscle that can be found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach and intestines

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69
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

A cell organelle that synthesizes and concentrate lipids in the cell; does not contain ribosomes

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70
Q

Small Intestine

A

The part of the GI tract between the stomach and large intestine that include the duodenum, jejunum and ileum where digestion and absorption of food occurs

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71
Q

Skin

A

The thin layer of tissues that covers the body

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72
Q

Skeletal System

A

The system of bones in the body that provides protection for delicate organs and serve as the scaffold against which muscles pull for movement, protection, and storage of materials and fat

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73
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Muscle that connects to the skeleton in at least one place and contracts to move parts of the body; the voluntary muscle in the body

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74
Q

Single Replacement Reaction

A

A chemical reaction between an element and a compound in which the elements takes the place of another element in the compound

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75
Q

Short Bones

A

Bones that are similar in both height and width, such as those found in the wrist. They have limited articulation with each others as gliding joints

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76
Q

Semilunar Valves

A

The atrioventricular valves in the heart, comprising the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve

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77
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

Accessory structures originating in the dermis that secrete sebum onto hair emerging from the hair follicle

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78
Q

Scrotum

A

The pouch of skin that contains the testicles

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79
Q

Scientific Experiment

A

A systematic procedure used to test a hypothesis

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80
Q

Saturated Solution

A

A solution containing the maximum possible amount of solute

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81
Q

Sarcomere

A

Contracting unit of a muscle

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82
Q

Salt

A

A chemical compound formed from the reaction of an acid with a base, with at least part of the hydrogen of the acid replaced by a cation

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83
Q

Saliva

A

The clear liquid found in the mouth, also known as spit

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84
Q

SI Unit

A

International System of Units based on meters, kilograms, seconds, amperes, Kelvin, candela and mole. Commonly known as the metric system

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85
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

A cell organelle containing ribosomes that synthesizes processes proteins in the cell

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86
Q

Ribosome

A

A protein-RNA complex that is the site of protein synthesis

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87
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

A progressive autoimmune disease that causes joint inflammation and pain

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88
Q

Resolving Power

A

The ability of a microscope to show details

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89
Q

Renin

A

An enzyme released by the kidney when reduced blood pressure us detected by baroreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries

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90
Q

Renal Vein

A

A vein carrying blood from a kidney to the inferior vena cava

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91
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

The center of the kidney where urine collects before moving to the ureter

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92
Q

Renal Medulla

A

The innermost part of the kidney

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93
Q

Renal Cortex

A

The outer layer of the kidney

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94
Q

Renal Arteries

A

The two branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the kidneys

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95
Q

Releasing Hormones

A

Chemical messengers that stimulate the production of certain hormones

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96
Q

Relaxation

A

Release of tension in a muscle

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97
Q

Refraction

A

The bending or change in the angle of a light ray as it passes through a medium such as a lens

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98
Q

Reflex

A

An involuntary action to a stimulus

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99
Q

Reference Planes

A

Planes dividing the body to describe locations ; sagittal, coronal and transverse

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100
Q

Rectum

A

The last section of the large intestines, ending with the anus

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101
Q

Recessive

A

Refers to traits that are masked if dominant alleles are also present; also refers to the allele for that trait

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102
Q

Reactants

A

In a chemical equation, the substances on the left side of the equation; the starting materials in a chemical reaction

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103
Q

Puberty

A

A psychological period in which changes in hormone levels cause a general “growth spurt” and development of secondary sex characteristics

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104
Q

Proximal Tubule

A

The first location where glucose and other useful solutes are reabsorbed back into the blood through the walls of surrounding capillaries. it connects the Bowman’s capsule to the Loop of Henle

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105
Q

Protozoa

A

Unicellular eukaryotes that are parasitic on plants or animals and lack a cell wall

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106
Q

Proton

A

A positively charged atomic particle

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107
Q

Proteins

A

Molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bond

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108
Q

Prostate

A

The gland in males that controls the release of urine and secretes a portion of semen that enhances motility and fertility of sperm

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109
Q

Prophase II

A

The stage in meiosis II in which chromosomes in the haploid daughter cell condense

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110
Q

Prophase I

A

The state in meiosis I in which chromosomes condense and from homologous pairs

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111
Q

Prophase

A

The state in mitosis in which chromosomes condense and from homologous pairs

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112
Q

Prophase

A

The state in mitosis in which chromosomes condense in preparation for being pulled apart

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113
Q

Products

A

In a chemical equation, the substances on the right side of the equation; the substance that are formed in a chemical reaction

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114
Q

Positive Feedback

A

A mechanism that stimulates glandular secretions to continue to increase, temporarily pushing levels further out of homeostasis, until a particular biological effect is reached (eg. expulsion of the fetus during childbirth)

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115
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Carbohydrate polymers made out of many sugar molecules

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116
Q

Polymer

A

A substance composed of similar units bonded together

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117
Q

Pleura

A

A membrane around the lungs and inside the chest cavity

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118
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

A cell organelle consisting of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins that maintains its environment through the property of selective permeability

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119
Q

Plasma Cell

A

A white blood cell that produces a single type of antibody

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120
Q

Plasma

A

Clear pale yellow component of blood that carries red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets throughout the body

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121
Q

Placebo

A

A substance with no medicinal effect that can be used as a control in an experiment

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122
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

The endocrine gland at the base of the brain that controls growth and development

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123
Q

Pineal Gland

A

A small gland near the center of the brain that secretes melatonin

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124
Q

Phosphodiester Bond

A

A covalent bond that links two nucleotides together in a nucleic acid molecule

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125
Q

Phosphate Group

A

A phosphorous atom bound to four oxygen atoms

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126
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical appearance of a trait formed by genetics and enviornment

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127
Q

Pharynx

A

A cavity between the mouth and esophagus that serves as a passageway for food and air

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128
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Ingestion of particles by a cell or phagocyte

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129
Q

Peristalsis

A

A series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

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130
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

The part of the nervous system that consists of an extensive network of spinal nerves carrying sensory, or afferent, information toward the brain and spinal cord and motor, or efferent, information away from the brain and spinal cord

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131
Q

Periosteum

A

A thin layer that surrounds bone and is the surface for attachment of tendons and ligaments

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132
Q

Periodic Table

A

The table of elements expressed as column and rows

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133
Q

Period

A

One of seven horizontal rows in the periodic table

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134
Q

Perfusion

A

The passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue

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135
Q

Penis

A

Organ for elimination of urine and sperm from the male body

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136
Q

Pathogen

A

An infectious agent

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137
Q

Passive Transport

A

Movement across a cell membrane that does not require energy input

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138
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Temporary immunity gained by a body that has acquired antibodies from an outside source

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139
Q

Parathyroid

A

An endocrine gland in the neck that produces parathyroid hormone

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140
Q

Pandemic

A

An epidemic that is spread over multiple countries or continents

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141
Q

Pancreas

A

The gland of digestive and endocrine systems that produces insulin and secretes pancreatic juices

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142
Q

pH

A

The measure of the acidity or alkalinity

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143
Q

Punnett Square

A

An illustration of the probability of genetic inheritance based on the genotypes of the gametes

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144
Q

Protista

A

The taxonomic kingdom that contains the most primitive of the eukaryotes, single-celled organisms that move by locomotor appendages. They usually have no cell wall; instead, they have a cell membrane that surrounds the organelles

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145
Q

Oxytocin

A

A hormone made by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. One of its functions is to stimulate urine contractions during childbirth

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146
Q

Oxidation-reduction Reaction

A

A chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two chemical species

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147
Q

Ovaries

A

The female gonads. Organs in which eggs are produced for reproduction

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148
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A disease that causes brittle, fragile bones

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149
Q

Osteons

A

Cylindrical structures that comprise contact bones

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150
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

A

Brittle bone disease

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151
Q

Osteocytes

A

Osteocytes are star-shaped cells that maintain bone and are able to sense physical stress

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152
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Cells that remove bones

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153
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Osteocytes are star-shaped cells that maintain bone and are able to sense physical stresses. Their long projections connect to each other through the canaliculi of bones

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154
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Degenerative joint disease

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155
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

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156
Q

Organic Molecule

A

A molecule found in a living thing that contains carbon

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157
Q

Organelle

A

A specialized part of a cell that has a special function

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158
Q

Organ Systems

A

Functional group of organs that work together within the body; circulatory, integumentary, skeletal ,reproductive , digestive, urinary, respiratory, endocrine, lymphatic, muscular, nervous

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159
Q

Organ

A

A self- contained part of an organism that performs a specific function

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160
Q

Orbital

A

An area around the nucleus where an electron can be found

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161
Q

Ocular Lens

A

The lens in a compound microscope that is closest to the eye

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162
Q

Objective Lens

A

The lens in a a compound microscope that works to gather light from the specimen

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163
Q

Nucleus

A

A large organelle within a cell that houses the chromosomes

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164
Q

Nucleotides

A

The monomers used to build DNA and RNA

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165
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA

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166
Q

Nonmetal

A

Any element or substance that is not metal

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167
Q

Noninfectious Diseases

A

Diseases that are not caused by a pathogen and cannot be transmitted directly from one person to another

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168
Q

Noncovalent Bond

A

A relatively weak bond, like a hydrogen bond or an ionic bond; in macromolecules, many noncovalent bonds work together to give the macromolecule its functional three dimensional shape

169
Q

Non-Mendelian Inheritance

A

Inheritance of traits that do not follow Mendelian pattern of inheritance

170
Q

Neutron

A

An atomic particle with no electric charge

171
Q

Neuron

A

Cell of the nervous system that conducts the electrical nerve impulse

172
Q

Nervous System

A

A complex system that controls and affects every part of the body in daily life functions and in constant drive to maintain homeostasis

173
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of nerve fibers that transmits electrical impulses toward and away from the brain and spinal cord

174
Q

Nephron

A

The part of the kidney responsible for filtering and excretion

175
Q

Negative Feedback

A

A mechanism that includes the monitoring for specific homeostatic levels and a signal to a gland; This signal stimulates or inhibits the gland’s secretion in order to maintain homeostasis or cause compensations that returns the level to homeostasis

176
Q

Muscular Systems

A

An integrated system in the body that is vital for controlling involuntary and voluntary movement

177
Q

Muscle

A

Fibrous tissue that produces force and motion to move the body or produce movement in parts of the body

178
Q

Mouth

A

The oral cavity at the entry to the alimentary canal

179
Q

Monomers

A

Molecules that can bond to similar or identical molecules to form a polymer

180
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A

A cross between parents heterozygous at one specific gene

181
Q

Molecule

A

An arrangement of two or more atoms bonded together

182
Q

Mole

A

A unit of a substance that is equal to exactly 6.02214076 x 1023 particles of that substance

183
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division in eukaryotes that produces two daughter cells, each with the same chromosome number as the parent cell

184
Q

Mitochondrion

A

The site of energy production in a cell

185
Q

Mineralization

A

Deposition of hydroxyapatite onto the highly organized collagen matrix in bone

186
Q

Mineral Resorption

A

The osteoclasts’ removal of calcium from bone so it can enter the bloodstream

187
Q

Microorganism

A

Life forms that are not readily observed without magnification

188
Q

Microbiology

A

The branch of science that deals with microorganisms

189
Q

Metaphase II

A

The stage in meiosis II in which individual chromosomes align

190
Q

Metaphase I

A

The stage in mitosis in which pairs of homologous chromosomes align

191
Q

Metaphase

A

The stage in mitosis in which chromosomes align

192
Q

Metal

A

A substance that is a good conductor of electricity and heat, form cations by loss of electrons, and yields basic oxides and hydroxides

193
Q

Memory Cell

A

A lymphocyte that responds to an antigen upon reintroduction

194
Q

Meiosis

A

Specialized cell division used to create haploid gametes in diploid organisms

195
Q

Mass

A

A measurement of inertia , commonly considered the amount of material contained by an object and causing it to have weight in a gravitational field

196
Q

Magnification

A

The ability of a microscope to make objects appear enlarged

197
Q

Macrophage

A

A large white blood cell that ingests foreign material

198
Q

Macromolecules

A

A molecule that contains a large number of atoms

199
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA, a type of RNA that is produced by the transcription of DNA

200
Q

Monera

A

The taxonomic kingdom that contains the prokaryotes, single-celled organism with no defined nucleus

201
Q

Mendelian Inheritance

A

Inheritance of traits that follow Gregor Mendel’s two laws and the principle of dominance

202
Q

Lysosome

A

A cell organelle that aids in digestion and the recycling of old cell materials

203
Q

Lymphocyte

A

A category of white blood cells that includes natural killer cells, B cells, helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells

204
Q

Lymph

A

Clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease

205
Q

Luteinizing Hormone

A

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that is responsible for triggering ovulation in ovaries and the production of testosterone by testes

206
Q

Long Bones

A

Bones that have a pronounced longitudinal axis

207
Q

Liver

A

The organ that produces bile, regulated glycogen storage and performs other bodily function

208
Q

Liter

A

Measurement of liquid volume

209
Q

Liquid

A

A state of matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape

210
Q

Lipids

A

Fatty acids and their derivatives that are insoluble in water

211
Q

Ligaments

A

A tough connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

212
Q

Leukocyte

A

White blood cells, which protect the body against disease

213
Q

Length

A

Measurement of distance from end to end

214
Q

Large Intestine

A

Compromised of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal, it is where vitamins and water are absorbed before feces is stored prior to elimination

215
Q

Lamellae

A

Layers of bone, tissues, or cell wall

216
Q

Lacunae

A

Microscopic pits in bones that contains osteocytes and connect to each other within an osteon by way of canaliculi

217
Q

Le Chatelier’s Principle

A

A principle starting that when a chemical reaction at equilibrium is perturbed, it responds by proceeding in a direction that will restore the equilibrium

218
Q

Kidneys

A

The pair of organs that regulate fluid balance and filter waste from the blood

219
Q

Keratin

A

A tough protein made by epithelial keratinocytes

220
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons but the same numbers of protons and electrons

221
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Bones that do not fit into the three bone shape categories; flat bone, long bone and short bone

222
Q

Ionic Bond

A

The bond between two oppositely charged ions

223
Q

Ion

A

A positively or negatively charged atom or molecule

224
Q

Involuntary

A

Without intentional control

225
Q

Interphase

A

The stage of mitosis or meiosis in which DNA replicates

226
Q

Interferons

A

Protein secreted by leukocytes when they are infected with viruses

227
Q

Integumentary System

A

An organ system comprised of skin and its associated organs

228
Q

Insulin

A

A hormone that triggers the influx of glucose into cells, thus lowering blood glucose levels

229
Q

Innate Immune System

A

A collection of nonspecific barriers and cellular responses that serve as an inborn first and second line of defense against pathogens

230
Q

Inhibiting Hormones

A

Chemical messengers that restrict the production of certain hormones

231
Q

Inheritance

A

Transmission of characteristics to offspring

232
Q

Inflammation

A

The resulting redness, swelling, heat, and pain in an area of defense by innate community

233
Q

Infectious/ Communicable Diseases

A

Disease that spread from one person to another and are caused by pathogenic microorganisms

234
Q

Independent Variable

A

The condition that is manipulated or changed in an experiement

235
Q

Immunoglobin

A

An antibody

236
Q

Immune System

A

A system that protects the body from disease-causing agents known as pathogens by responding to substances on the surfaces of agents that the body perceives as foreign

237
Q

Hypothesis

A

An educated guess about a casual relationship that is generated by observation and initial data collection and serves as the basis for additional experimentation

238
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A location in the brain that an integration center between the endocrine and nervous system

239
Q

Hypodermis

A

The deepest layer of the skin

240
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

A malfunction of regulatory feedback loops leading to the overproduction of thyroid hormone

241
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Fear of water

242
Q

Hydrophillic

A

Water loving

243
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which a waster molecule cleaves a covalent bond to form two products; monomeric subunits of polymers are cleaved from a polymer by this reaction

244
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

A type of non-covalent bond; a weak attraction between a hydrogen bond to an electronegative atom and a second highly electronegative atom

245
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

The kind of connective tissue that protects bone in articulating joints

246
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical messenger produced by a gland and transported by the bloodstream that regulates specific processes in the body

247
Q

Homozygous

A

The state of carrying a pair of identical alleles of a gene; e.g., AA or aa

248
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

249
Q

Histamine

A

A white blood cell secretion that triggers capillary permeability and vasodialation

250
Q

Hinge Joint

A

A joint that allows for a flexion and extension of the more distal bone alone one plane

251
Q

Heterozygous

A

The state of carrying different alleles of a gene; e.g., Aa

252
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

253
Q

Helper T- Cell

A

A type of lymphocyte that secretes interleukins, a protein that triggers the action of other cells, including the attack of foreign cells by cytotoxic T- cells

254
Q

Helminths

A

Multicellular parasitic worms

255
Q

Heart

A

Muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body

256
Q

Hair Follicles

A

Tubes arising from the dermis surrounded by invaginations of epithelial tissue, from which hair growth occurs

257
Q

Haversian Canal

A

Channels in bone that contain blood vessels and nerves. Also called the central canal.

258
Q

Growth Hormone

A

A secretion of the anterior pituitary that stimulates tissue growth. Also known as somatotropin

259
Q

Group

A

A column of elements in the periodic table

260
Q

Gram

A

Metric unit of mass

261
Q

Graduated Cylinder

A

A narrow cylinder used to measure liquid volume

262
Q

Gonad

A

Reproductive organ that produces gametes; in males the testes, in females the ovaries

263
Q

Glycerol

A

A sugar compound that serves as the backbone for triglycerides and phospholipids

264
Q

Glucagon

A

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates its target cells in the liver to convert hepatic glycogen stores into glucose and release that glucose into the blood

265
Q

Glomerulus

A

A network of capillaries from which blood pressure pushes water, salt, glucose, amino acids and urea from the blood

266
Q

Gland

A

An organ that secretes a substance

267
Q

Giganism

A

Excessive growth resulting from overproduction of growth hormone

268
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an individual

269
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of 64 codons that specify 20 amino acids

270
Q

Gene

A

A sequence of DNA that is the basic unit of heredity

271
Q

Gas

A

A state of matter that is highly compressible and has no definite volume or shape, the molecules of which are in constant random motion

272
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cell; in males the sperm, in females the eggs (ova)

273
Q

Gall Bladder

A

The organ that stores bile

274
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

A cell organelle that processes proteins and lipid molecules

275
Q

Fungi

A

Multicellular, aerobic, heterotrophic eukaryotes that have chitin in their cell walls

276
Q

Follicle- Stimulating Hormone

A

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates development of eggs in ovaries and sperm in testes

277
Q

Follicle

A

Saclike structure that contains and allows for maturation of the female ovum(egg) within the ovary

278
Q

Flat Bones

A

Thin bones that have a plate-like shape, such as bones of the cranium

279
Q

Filtrate

A

Materials, including water, that leaves the blood through the walls of the glomerular capillaries to enter the Bowman’s capsule

280
Q

Fatty Acid

A

A molecule composed of a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylic acid group on one end

281
Q

Fallopian Tubes

A

Tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus

282
Q

Exothermic

A

Involving release of heat

283
Q

Exocrine Gland

A

A gland that produces secretions having an extracellular effect, such as chemical digestion. These secretions leave the gland by way of duct

284
Q

Excretion

A

Elimination of metabolic waste from the body

285
Q

Estrogen

A

A female sex hormone released by the ovaries

286
Q

Esophagus

A

A long, muscular tube that carries food to the stomach

287
Q

Epistasis

A

A type of gene interaction in which the phenotype of a trait is the result of one gene’s alleles affecting the alleles of another independently inherited gene

288
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

Hyaline cartilage in long bones where bone elongation happens. Also known as the growth plate

289
Q

Epinephrine

A

A polar, water-soluble hormone released by the adrenals in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline

290
Q

Epidermis

A

The outer layer of skin

291
Q

Epidemic

A

The outbreak and rapid spread of a disease among a large number of people within a community, population, or region.

292
Q

Enzyme

A

A substrate produced by a living thing that acts as a catalyst. A catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy; in cells, most enzymes are proteins

293
Q

Enzymatic Digestion

A

The breakdown of food by enzymes for absorption

294
Q

Endothermic

A

Involving absorption of heat

295
Q

Endocrine Gland

A

A gland that secretes hormones. A duct-less gland

296
Q

Endemic

A

Something that originates in and/or is restricted to a particular region or population

297
Q

Empirical Evidence

A

Evidence generated through experimentation

298
Q

Element

A

Pure substances that cannot be broken into simpler substances

299
Q

Electron Microscope

A

A magnification instrument that forms an image using a beam of electrons that travel at high speeds and form a wavelike pattern

300
Q

Electron

A

A negatively charged atomic particle

301
Q

Eccrine Sweat Glands

A

Accessory structures, originating throughout the dermis of the human body, which secrete sweat used primarily for thermoregulation

302
Q

Double Replacement Reaction

A

A chemical reaction of two compounds in which the positive and negative ions of the reactants switch places

303
Q

Dominant

A

Refers to the most powerful trait or the allele for that trait

304
Q

Diuretic

A

Any substance that causes water to be lost from the body through urination

305
Q

Directional Terminology

A

Words used to explain relationships of locations of anatomical elements (distal, posterior, medial, etc.)

306
Q

Dimensional Analysis

A

A technique that is used to change the magnitude of SI measurements

307
Q

Dilution

A

The addition of solvent to decrease the concentration of solute in a solution

308
Q

Dihybrid Cross

A

A cross between parents heterozygous at two specific genes

309
Q

Diffusion

A

The passive movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

310
Q

Diastole

A

The portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart refills with blood

311
Q

Diabetes

A

Pathologically high blood sugar levels

312
Q

Dermis

A

The middle layer of skin

313
Q

Deposition

A

The transition of a substance from gas to solid without passing through the liquid state

314
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The condition in an experiment that is potentially affected by manipulating an independent variable

315
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

The material that contains genetic information

316
Q

Deoxyribose Sugar

A

The sugar portion of a deoxyribose nucleotide

317
Q

Density

A

The ratio of mass to volume

318
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

Antigen-presenting cells that process antigen material and present it to T cells

319
Q

Dendrite

A

A nerve fiber that carries a nerve impulse towards the neuron cell body

320
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

A chemical reaction between two molecules in which a water molecule is released and a covalent bond forms; often requires an input of energy; polymers are built as a result of this reaction

321
Q

Decomposition Reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which a compound breaks apart

322
Q

Data

A

A collection of factual information

323
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells

A

The category of lymphocyte that attacks foreign cells

324
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The material inside the membrane of a eukaryotic cell that contains the organelles

325
Q

Cytokines

A

Cell signaling molecules released primarily by helper T-cells and macrophages. Certain cytokines activate cytotoxic T-cells

326
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

A genetic disorder that affects the lungs and other organs, characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing up sputum, and lung infection

327
Q

Cutaneous Vasodilation

A

An increase in the diameter of blood vessel in the dermis that reduces blood flow through the skin

328
Q

Cutaneous Vasoconstriction

A

A decrease in the diameter of blood vessel in the dermis that reduces blood flow through the skin

329
Q

Critical Point

A

The temperature above which a substance coexists in both its liquid and gas states

330
Q

Covalent Bond

A

A chemical bond in which electron pair are shared between atoms

331
Q

Correlation

A

Linked trends in data that are not causative

332
Q

Conversion Factor

A

A number that expresses the relationship between dissimilar units and is used to change the quality of units without altering the actual value

333
Q

Control Variable

A

The condition in an experiment that is kept the same between dissimilar units and is used to change the quantity of units without altering the actual volume

334
Q

Control Variable

A

The condition in an experiment that is kept the same between the control and experimental groups

335
Q

Contraction

A

The process leading to shortening and/ or development of tension in a muscle

336
Q

Conclusion

A

An end judgement based on data

337
Q

Concentration of a Solution

A

The quantity of solute in a given quantity of a solution

338
Q

Compound

A

A substance made of two or more elements

339
Q

Complementary Strand

A

A molecule of RNA (or a strand of DNA) synthesized from a complementary template strand

340
Q

Compact (Dense) Bone

A

Bone containing densely packed osteons that make up the peripheral layer of bone

341
Q

Commensal Microorganism

A

Microscopic organisms that live in or on the human body without causing it harm

342
Q

Collagen

A

Tough, flexible connective tissue found in parts of the body such as the ear

343
Q

Cohesion

A

The tendency of similar molecules to stick to each other or group together

344
Q

Codons

A

Triplets of nucleotide that code for amino acids

345
Q

Codominance

A

When two alleles exhibit their phenotypes equally in the heterozygote

346
Q

Chyme

A

The semifluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestines

347
Q

Chromosome

A

A structure made of protein and one molecule of DNA

348
Q

Chromatid

A

One of the two duplicates of a chromosome formed during the cell cycle

349
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

A process in which one bonding arrangement among atoms is exchanged for a different bonding arrangement

350
Q

Chemical Equilibrium

A

The stage in which the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and there is no change in the concentrations of reactants or products

351
Q

Chemical Equation

A

Mathematical representation of a chemical reaction

352
Q

Cervix

A

The passage that forms the lower part of the uterus

353
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A

Accessory structures that produce ear wax. They are found only in the dermis of the ear canal

354
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord and acts as the command center for all communication and actions of the body

355
Q

Cellular Functions

A

Processes that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein synthesis, and movement

356
Q

Cells

A

The basic structural unit of an organism from which living things are created.

357
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity

A

A type of adaptive immunity in which T lymphocytes attack parasitic worms, cancer cells, transplanted tissues, or cells that contain pathogens

358
Q

Cation

A

A positively charged ion

359
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing permanent chemical change

360
Q

Cartilage

A

The primary structural protein of connective tissue

361
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

The system comprised of the heart and blood vessels

362
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Involuntary muscle found in the heart

363
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugars and starches, which the body breaks down into glucose

364
Q

Capillaries

A

Small vessels that connect similar arteries, called arterioles, to smaller veins, called venules, and carry out gas exchange

365
Q

Canaliculi

A

Microscopic canals in ossified bone

366
Q

Buffer

A

A solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added. It consists of either a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid

367
Q

Bronchioles

A

Small passage in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli

368
Q

Bronchi

A

The main passageways directly attached to the lungs

369
Q

Brittle Bone Disease

A

A group of diseases that affects collagen and result in fragile bones

370
Q

Bone Marrow

A

A soft material within spongey bone and medullary cavity of long bones

371
Q

Bone

A

Hard, calcified materials that make up the skeleton

372
Q

Bolus

A

A mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed

373
Q

Bias

A

Prejudice in favor of an idea

374
Q

Base

A

A substance with a pH greater than 7

375
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A

Point of articulation that allows for abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation. The hip socket is one example of a ball and socket joint

376
Q

Bacteria

A

Unicellular organisms that are capable of causing disease

377
Q

Bronsted-Lowry Base

A

A compound that has the tendency to accept a proton from another molecule

378
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A

A cup-like structure that surrounds and collects filtrate from the glomerulus

379
Q

B Cell

A

Lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigen

380
Q

Axon

A

A nerve fiber that carries a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body

381
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

The portion of the skeleton consisting of the skull, ribs , sternum and spinal column

382
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates unconscious body functions such as breathing and heart rate

383
Q

Autoimmune Diseases

A

A pathology that results from the immune system mistaking part of the body as a pathogen

384
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

385
Q

Atomic Mass

A

The sum of the masses of protons and neutrons in one atom of an element

386
Q

Atomic Mass

A

The sum of the masses of protons and neutrons in one atom of an element

387
Q

Atom

A

The most basic complete unit of an element

388
Q

Asthma

A

A lung disease characterized by inflamed, narrowed airways and difficulty breathing

389
Q

Arteries

A

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart toward other body parts

390
Q

Arrhenius Base

A

A substance that produces hydrogen ions (OH-) when mixed with water

391
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

The portion of the skeleton made up of our appendages- the bones of our arms, legs, hands and feet

392
Q

Apocrine Sweat Gland

A

Accessory structures of the dermis that are in physical association with hair follicles, producing a secretion with an odor (possibly a sex pheromone to humans)

393
Q

Anus

A

The opening of the rectum from which solid waste is expelled

394
Q

Antimicrobial

A

A substance that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms with minimal damage to the host

395
Q

Antigens

A

Substances on the surfaces of agents that act to identify them, to the body, as being native or foreign

396
Q

Antigen Presenting Cell

A

A cell that displays foreign antigens with major histocompatibility complexes on their surfaces

397
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

A secretion from the pituitary gland that increases the amount of water able to be reabsorbed from a collecting duct

398
Q

Antibody-Mediated Immunity

A

A defense that employs B cells to create antibodies that tag pathogens for later destruction. Also known as humoral immunity

399
Q

Antibody

A

A blood protein that counteracts a specific antigen

400
Q

Antagonist

A

The relaxed muscle in the pair of muscles that is involved in a given movement

401
Q

Anion

A

A negatively charged ion

402
Q

Angiotensin II

A

A secretion that acts to restore blood volume and blood pressure by constricting blood vessels, stimulating thirsts, and stimulating production of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone

403
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Standard positioning of the body as standing; feet together; arms to the side; with head, eyes and palms of hands together

404
Q

Anaphase II

A

The stage in meiosis II in which sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

405
Q

Anaphase I

A

The stage in meiosis I in which homologous chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell

406
Q

Anaphase

A

The stage in mitosis in which the chromosomes are pulled apart to the poles and cells division begins

407
Q

Amino Acids

A

The monomers that make up protein

408
Q

Alveoli

A

Tina air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

409
Q

Allergies

A

An immune response to a foreign agent that is not a pathogen

410
Q

Alleles

A

A specific copy of a gene

411
Q

Aldosterone

A

A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that increases reabsorption of sodium ions

412
Q

Agonist

A

The contracting muscle in the pair of muscles that is involved in a given movement; also called the prime mover

413
Q

Adrenal

A

A gland above the kidney that produces hormones to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and other function

414
Q

Adhesion

A

The tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another

415
Q

Adaptive Immune System

A

A kind of passive or active immunity in which antibodies to a particular antigen are present in the body

416
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement across a cell membrane that travels against the concentration gradient and thus requires energy

417
Q

Active Immunity

A

Protection against a specific pathogen resulting from the production of antibodies in response to the presence of specific antigens

418
Q

Activation Energy

A

The minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

419
Q

Acid

A

A substance with a pH less than 7

ATI TEAS (7 decks)

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