science unit c topic 2 Flashcards
What are the two biological indicators and examples of each?
Microbiological indicators ex bacteria such as escherichia coli
aquatic indicators ex shrimp, worms, mollusks, clam
- Lots of organims=?
- Less organisms=?
- low Ph=?
- Lots of worms=?
1.healthier water condition and lots of 02
2.may be condition problems
3.no fish(as pH decreases so do the amount of all
organisms)
4.lower 02 levels
why is dissolved 02 good?
essential for the life of aquatic organisms because they all need oxygen
four factors that affect the amount of 02?
water temp~as temp gets warmer 02 levels go down
turbulence due to wind or speed of moving water~ faster flow to increase oxygen
amount of photosynthesis~more photosynthesis more oxygen
number of organims~more organisms more oxygen required
levels of oxygen
less than 2ppm is no life 2 ppm~worms 4 ppm~more organisms 6 ppm~more organisms 8 ppm~ healthy lots, lots of fish
whats ppm
a small unit of a chemical
problems with phosphorus and nitrogen?
and sources?
helpful but not it too big of quantities
sources are sewage runoff or fertilizer runoff
normal pH of snow and rain
5.6
what Ph to fish start to die?
4.5
Why does the pH of lakes decrease?
Acid runoffs, acidic precipitation, acid rain+acidic snow melting into lakes
what are some soil effects on the aquatic system?
soil+water don’t have enough base to neutralize acidic snow or acidic rain
what is spring acid shock?
acidic snow builds up in winter and melts in spring. lots of acidic water with low pH runs into lakes at one time shocking the system
Pesticides and water?
harmful when not getting broken down in the environment
how to organisms respond to pesticides?
develop resistance because they reproduce so fast
How do pesticides affect aquatic environments?
very toxic in water even in small amounts
what are toxins?
the poison that produces serious health problems or death
Whats LD50 used for? and what does Ld and 50 mean?
to compare toxins? LD=lethal dose 50=50%
What does Ld50 do?
amount of substance given to organisms that kills 50% of the population at a specific dosage
Will all organisms die at the same LD50%
No, all organisms will have different tolerances
As LD50 increases, what does toxicity levels do?
They decrease
What are heavy metals? examples?
five or more times heavier than an equal volume of water examples are copper, lead, mercury, cadmium, zinc, nickel
where are heavy metals found?
natural~rocks, soil, water made~batteries, pipes, fertilizers
how do heavy metal get into the water
leach in fertilizers or pipes
Sulfur dioxide name
SO2
How does sulfur dioxide form?
oxygen combines with sulfur
how does sulfur dioxide affect the environment and people?
enviroment~smog, acid rain
people~respirtory system, irritate eyes
what are the sources of sulfur dioxide
burning fuels, oil+gas industry, industrial processes
how to reduce sulfur dioxide
scrubbers
nitrogen oxide name
NO
how does nitrogen oxide form
when burning fuels first combine with oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide
How does nitrogen oxide affect the environment and people?
enviroment~smog, acid rain
people~respitory system, eyes
what are the sources of nitrogen oxide?
combustion in vehicles
industrial processes
how to reduce nitrogen oxide?
monitoring
reducing vehicle emissions
how is Ground-level ozone produced
the reaction between oxygen, nitrogen oxide and VOCs in sunlight+heat
what are VOCs
volatile organic chemicals from man made products
How does ground-level ozone affect the environment and people
people~respitory system causes lung disease
plants~affects the crop, wheat, onion
Why is ozone important?
its a barrier for UV light
sources of ground-level ozone?
fuel combustion in cars and industry
Carbon dioxide sources
natural~organisms exhaling, natural fires, volcanoes
man made~factories, devices that burn stuff
why should carbon dioxide be monitored closely
because dangerous emissions and levels should be monitored closely
what are the greenhouse gases?
H20 vapor, CO, CH4, NOx
how does the greenhouse effect work?
when sun rays are trapped by the atmosphere so the eath is warm
why is the greenhouse effect called a greenhouse?
a roof like glass so it’s transparent like the atmosphere. Sun rays enter and get trapped inside the greenhouse warming the structure inside.
What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?
enchanted by humans. adds more greenhouse gases more sunlight is trapped generating even warmer temps
what are the effects of the enhanced greenhouse effect
global warming, climate change, violent storms, floods, diseases
What is global warming?
earth is getting hotter because of the enhanced greenhouse effect
sources of global warming
natural~volcanic eruptions, forest fires
people~windmill farms, pollution, cars
how to reduce global warming
planting trees increasing public transportation
what is the ozone layer
layer high up in the atmosphere(stratosphere) that absorbs ultraviolet radiation so we don’t get radiation
negative impacts of the ozone layer
loss of ozone results in greater exposure to UV radiation of earth surface more plankton dies, animals that eat plankton die
where are chlorofluorocarbons found
applications such as hairspray, refrigerator
what do chlorofluorocarbons do
they destroy the ozone layer
how to reduce chlorofluorocarbons
monitoring substances
carbon monoxide name
CO
how is carbon monoxide produced
chemicals containing carbon burn it makes CO when there is not enough oxygen it makes C02.
sources of carbon monoxide
produced during burning examples are furnaces forest fires, industrial process
what is the silent killer
carbon monoxide
risks of carbon monoxide
death, brain damage, loss of O2 to blood
how to reduce carbon monoxide
use catalytic converters
reduce emissions of carbon monoxide from vehicle exhausts
what does ppm stand for
parts per million
what is ppm
the concentration of chemicals in the environment is measured in parts per million or milligrams
formula for ppm
(volume of chemical/volume of solution)x1000000=ppm
what does ppm mean
one unit of chemical found in a million units of solution
