Science Unit 5.5 Flashcards
an organism’s genetic material that provides the info needed for an organism to maintain itself
DNA
how do you spell DNA?
dioxyribonucleic acid
a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic info in the form of genes.
chromosome
a section of DNA on a chromosome that has genetic info for one trait.
gene
what provides directions for a cell to assemble molecules that express traits
gene
2 parallel strands that spiral around each other like a twisted zipper.
double helix
what makes up the sides on the double helix?
sugar and phosphate groups
what makes the teeth of the double helix
nitrogen bases
what are the 4 possible nitrogen bases?
adenine
cytosine
thymine
guanine
the process of copying a DNA molecule to make another DNA molecule.
replication
where does DNA replicate?
nucleus
what enzymes are involved during replication?
helicase - unwinds the double helix
DNA polymerase - moves comp nucleotides
a type of nucleic acid that carries the code for making proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
rna
how is RNA different from DNA?
- single strand
- contains sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose
- it uses the bases uracil instead on thymine
an RNA copy used as the instruction for making a protien
mRNA
carries the info from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
mRNA
acts as an interpreter molecule and translates the mRNA into amino acids
tRNA
what becomes part of the ribosome?
rRNA
processing the info from DNA into proteins
gene expression
what are the 2 stages of gene expression?
translation and transcription
the process of making an mRNA from DNA
transcription
what does polymerase do in transcription?
binds to the beginning and unwinds the double helix. also adds complimentary nucleotides to one strand of the DNA gene
the process of making a protein from mRNA
translation
what process of gene expression happens in the cytoplasm
translation
the three nucleotides on an mRNA that code for amino acid
codon
how many possible codons are there
64
three nucleotides on a tRNA that are complementary to a codon
anticodon
the building blocks of protiens
amino acid
in translation, what binds to a ribosome?
mRNA
the amino acids and stop signals that are coded for by each of the possible mRNA codons
genetic code
a permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene
mutations
one nitrogen base is replaced by a different nitrogen base, the most common mutation
substitution
no change in the protein
silent
changes the protein
missense
stops the protein
nonsense
when one or more bases are added to the DNA
insertion
if a mutation occurs in a body cell then…
the mutation can not be passed on to the organism’s offspring
if a mutation occurs in a gamete then it…
could be passed onto the organism’s offspring
