science unit 3 Flashcards
u
fluid
any substance that flows
slurry
a mix of water and solids
when in an day in ur life do u use fluids
brush ur teeth laundry dishes shower and when u drink water
how is a submarine able to dive, travel along a constant depth and then rise to the surface of the water
a submarine controls it’s depth with bulast tanks filing them with water makes it sink while replacing water with air makes it rise adjusting this balence keeps it at a constant depth
how is a fish able to control whether it stays at a constant depth rise or sink
a fish has an a gas bladder by making changes to the volume of gasses in the bladder a fish can control weather where it stays
what is slurry technology
the transport of solids in water
what makes fluids useful in many applications
the ability of fluids to hold or carry other things makes them useful in many applications as well as how they can also take the shape of there contaniers
why are many of the solid objects we see and use originally prepped as fluids gave an example
fluids are easy to move and they take the shape of there contaniers an example is concrete being poured as a liquid and drying into a soilid
name 2 fluid technologies that make use of air
an air pump and a genertor
why is it important for steel to go thru a fluid phase as it is being produced
it’s heated to melt everything together so meteririals can be added
draw an example from this chapter where fluids have been used
draw a submarine and explain
Matter
s anything that has mass and volume.
Mass
is a measure of h ow much matter there is in a substance.
Volume
is a measure of how much pace a substance takes up
Particle Theory of Matter
a simple way of describing matter and its behaviour
Thermal Expansion
is an increase in the volume of a substance in response to an increase in its temperature
what are the 3 states water can be in
liquid solid and gas
the particle theroey has 6 main points name em
All matter is made up of tiny particles.
All particles of one substance are the same.
Different substances are made of different particles.
Particles are always moving.
There are spaces between particles.
Particles are attracted to each other
In which state of matter do particles stay in more or less the same position? Why is this? In which state of matter is there the greatest space between particles?
Particles stay in more or less the same position in the solid state because they are tightly packed and only vibrate in place due to strong intermolecular forces.
The greatest space between particles is in the gas state because the particles move freely and are not held together by strong forces
how does tempurture effect solids liquids and gasses
the substatute shrinks or contracts
which 2 states of mattter can flow
liquids and gas
why must highways and briges be built with gaps
highways and bridges must be built with gaps to allow for thermal expansion and contraction. Materials like concrete and steel expand when heated and contract when cooled
what are the costs assosiated to water freesing and thawing
damage to infatructure maintanance expences and issues related to insurance
Viscosity
a fluid’s resistance to flow. Thick = high viscosity
Flow Rate
how fast a fluid moves in a given time.
Density
how much mass is in a certain volume.
Friction
a force that resists motion between two surfaces
How do potholes occur
Potholes occur when water seeps into cracks, freezes, expands, then breaks the road
What makes a hot air balloon rise? What scientific principle is at work? How does the balloon come back to earth
A hot air balloon rises because hot air is less dense than cool air, so it floats upward.To come back down, the air inside is allowed to cool, making it denser, so the balloon sinks.
One property of fluids is how they move or flow. Think about the fluids you have used in the past few days. Pick two fluids and describe how they flow. What would happen if they did not flow the way they usually do
Water flows quickly and smoothly — it spreads out fast.
Honey flows slowly and thickly — it moves in a sticky stream.
If water didn’t flow easily, it’d be hard to drink or clean with.
If honey flowed too fast, it’d be hard to control or spread neatly
How is the viscosity of ketchup designed? Why
Ketchup is designed with high viscosity so it flows slowly.
This prevents it from pouring too fast and making a mess
What has a big effect on the viscosity of a fluid? Explain
Temperature has a big effect on viscosity.
When a fluid is heated, it usually flows more easily because the particles move faster and slide past each other better.
When cooled, it becomes thicker and flows more slowly.
Explain how temperature affects the viscosity of gases differently from how it affects the viscosity of liquid
In gases, as temperature increases, viscosity also increases . In liquids, as temputure incrreses viscosity deacreases
Illustrate an example of viscosity
An example of viscosity is the difference between honey and water. Honey has a higher viscosity because its molecules are more strongly bonded, making it flow slowly, while water has a lower viscosity, allowing it to flow more freely and quickly.
an example of the particles
in a liquid, solid and a gas
Liquid (e.g., water): In a liquid, particles are close together but can move past each other. This allows liquids to flow while maintaining a definite volume.
Solid (e.g., ice): In a solid, particles are tightly packed and vibrate in place. This gives solids a fixed shape and volume.
Gas (e.g., air): In a gas, particles are far apart and move freely at high speeds. This allows gases to expand and fill the container they are in.
Force
a push or pull that changes an object’s motion
Buoyancy
the upward force that allows objects to float in fluids.
Buoyant force
the upward force exerted by a fluid on an object placed in it.
Plimsoll line
a marking on a ship’s hull that shows the maximum safe depth to which the ship can be loaded. It helps prevent overloading by showing how much cargo a ship can carry in different water conditions (like saltwater vs. freshwater)
Why does a substance float in some fluids, but sink in others?
A substance floats or sinks depending on its density compared to the fluid’s density.
If all metals have a greater density than water, how is it possible for metal boats to float on wate
Metal boats float because of their shape and overall density as well as the air in there
A substance generally has a greater density in its solid state than in its liquid state and gas state. What is the exception to this and why
The exception is water.
Water is less dense as a solid (ice) than as a liquid. This happens because, when water freezes, its molecules form a crystalline structure that spaces them farther apart, making ice float on liquid water
How do you calculate density? u dont need to know this but cool if u do
Density = Mass ÷ Volume
What is the unit used to measure force
newtons
Who was Archimedes’ and what is the Archimedes’ principal
Archimedes was a Greek scientist and is priciple was that objects in fluids experience an upward force.
What transportation technologies use the concept of buoyancy in their design
the ship sinks lower in the water cause fresh water is less dense then salt water
dont
fail
pressure
the amount of force applied to a given area
compression
the action of compressing or being compressed
compressibility
the property of being able to be commpressed
incompressible
not able to be commpressed easily
when you change altitude your ears may pop why
when the outside air pressure changes your ears adjust causing the sound
what does air pressure change with
altitude
the layers of air in the earth extend more then what
160km
close to the Earth’s surface
we experience air pressure why
all the air particles above us being pulled toward earth by gravity
why is there less air pressure as we travel to higher altitudes
there are fewer layers of air above us and the air is less dence
why is there greater pressure at the bottom of a pool then the top
the greater the depth of water the greater the pressure at that point
what happens to pressure inside a container when the tempurture of a fluid is increased
the pressure inside the container generally increases,
an important part of understanding how to use fluid in devices is knowing how they
react under pressure
why are gasses much more compressible then liquid
much more compression takes place in the gas then the lquid
draw/describe an example of compression
a hydraulic press is a prime example of a compression device
Most of the crude oil that is extracted from the Earth is located more than 1.5 km below the surface. What allows us to bring this crude oil to the surface?
pumps
How much oil does Canada use each day? What is the world’s daily consumption
Canada’s daily oil consumption is about 2.4 million barrels per day while Globally, oil consumption is estimated at 97.1 million barrels per day.
What impact does the consumption of fossil fuels have on our environmen
When fossil fuels are burned, they release large amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the air. Greenhouse gases trap heat in our atmosphere, causing global warming
What was the Exxon Valdez and how did it negatively affect the environment
The Exxon Valdez was a tanker The tanker spilled approximately 11 million gallons of crude oil he spill caused the deaths of thousands of animals, including sea otters, seabirds, harbor seals, bald eagles, and even killer whales.
What is the most common pollutant of water, and how much of it pollutes the earth’s water systems each year
oil and around 51%
What kind of affects can oil spills have on the environment
The toxic effects of inhaling vapors and ingesting oil when grooming or feeding can make animals sick. Oil can also coat an animal’s fur or feathers, leading to hypothermia and a loss of buoyancy
Describe burning
Burning- Burning the oil can not happen unless the oil spill is at least 3mm thick, and it can not be windy. The spill also must be resent
describe sorbents
Sorbents- Sorbents are large, sponge-like materials that absorb the oil
Describe booms
Oil is easier to clean up if it is contained in one area. Booms are large, floating barriers that act like a fence to contain the oli
Fluid spills have two impacts what are they
Materials that sink in water are more difficult to clean up than those that float and they do not provide such visible clues when they are spilled into the water
in point form 3 important facts about quicksand
Quicksand is 40% sand.
It is the clay in quicksand that holds it all together. It would take the same amount of force to pull you out as it would to pull a car out.
what is metoroligst describe there job
a person who studies meteor interactions and collects that data for weather forcasts
what measurements do metoeroligess use for forcasts
temperature wind humidity and air preussrure
describe the weather for differnt air pressures
high pressure- sunny and dry
low preassue- clouds and rain
how can weather forecasting save lives
help people prep for extreme weather conditions
what is needed inside a kernal of popcorn to make it pops and why does it pop
water is needed it pops when pressure builds up
for a fluid system to function properly what is reqired
For a fluid system to function properly, the entire system must be completely sealed
3 examples where hydraulic systems are used
pumps airplanes and excavators
how is force multiplied in a hydraulic system
In a hydraulic system, force is multiplied by applying pressure to a smaller area, which transmits that pressure to a larger area, resulting in a larger force
How is a hydraulic system different from a pneumatic system
Hydraulic systems use pressurized liquids, typically oil, to transmit power, while pneumatic systems use pressurized gases, most commonly air
fluid system
a system that uses a fluid (liquid or gas) to transmit power or energy
pascals law
when you apply pressure to a confined fluid (like liquid or gas), that pressure is transmitted equally throughout the fluid and to the walls of the container
hydralic systems
a mechanical function that operates through the force of liquid pressure.
hoist
a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift-wheel around which rope or chain wraps
pistion
A piston is a cylindrical engine component that moves within a cylinder to transfer force
pneumatic system
a system that uses compressed air or gas to power and control the movement of mechanical component
pump
mechanical devices that use energy to move fluids from one point to anothe
