science unit 2 study guide Flashcards
what part of the microscope is this:
controls the amount of light that reaches the specimen.
diaphragm
what part of the microscope is this:
changes what power of magnification lens is being used.
revolving nose piece
what part of the microscope is this:
magnifies the primary image produced by the objective lens.
ocular lens
what part of the microscope is this:
gathers light from the microscope light source and concentrates it into a cone of light that illuminates the specimen
condenser lens
Xylem tissue
in plants,
the tissue that conducts water and
minerals absorbed by the root cells
to every cell in the plant
Phloem tissue
in
plants, the tissue that transports
sugars manufactured in the leaves
to the rest of the plant
Connective tissue
Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body
Root system
The structure beneath a plant which absorbs water and other nutrients to give the rest of the plant the nutrients it needs, as well as anchoring the plant in the ground
Guard cells
in a plant leaf, cells
that surround openings called
stomata; can expand to close off
the stomata
Shoot system
The part of the plant growing above the ground which is responsible for getting the food for the rest of the plant, as well as containing the reproductive system for the plant.
System:
A group of organs that work together to from a system to help the body perform certain actions or activities.
Organ
a group of different tissues
that work together to perform a
specific function
Tissue
a group of cells having the
same structure and function
Xylem tissue
in plants,
the tissue that conducts water and
minerals absorbed by the root cells
to every cell in the plant
Connective tissue
Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body
Phloem tissue
in
plants, the tissue that transports
sugars manufactured in the leaves
to the rest of the plant
Guard cells
in a plant leaf, cells
that surround openings called
stomata; can expand to close off
the stomata
Root system
The structure beneath a plant which absorbs water and other nutrients to give the rest of the plant the nutrients it needs, as well as anchoring the plant in the ground.
Shoot system
The part of the plant growing above the ground which is responsible for getting the food for the rest of the plant, as well as containing the reproductive system for the plant.
System
A group of organs that work together to from a system to help the body perform certain actions or activities.,
Organ
a group of different tissues
that work together to perform a
specific function
Tissue
a group of cells having the
same structure and function
Organism
a living or non - living thing that can function on its own
What is a cell?
The smallest unit that can perform the functions of life
Who first observed cells?
Know when to use low, medium and high power lenses
You use a low power lens if you want to see a larger range of the specimen on the microscope, and you increase the magnification lens the more you want to focus on a specific part of the specimen.
Know how the different systems are connected
Circulatory is connected to the respiratory by transporting the gases that the respiratory system exchanges, then transports said gases to the rest of the body as well. The circulatory system connects to the digestive system through thousands of capillary and artery networks inside the villi, which are inside the organs of the digestive system. The villi break down and absorb the nutrients from the food and the arteries and capillaries transport the nutrients to the rest of the body. Your nervous system connects to your circulatory system because your circulatory system transports the necessary nutrients to your nervous system. The muscular system is connected to all these systems through muscular tissues.
The skeletal and muscular system are both connected through movement.
What do you add to observe specimens better?
Water droplets or iodine
Label and know the function of the microscope
A - ocular lens or eyepiece lens - magnifies the primary image produced by the objective lens
B - tube - separates the objective and eyepiece and assures continuous alignment of the optics
C - Coarse-adjustment knob - moves stage up and down to help put the image into focus
D - Fine adjustment knob - helps move the specimen into finer adjustment to put image into focus
E - arm - holds microscope together and is used to hold the microscope
F - revolving nosepiece - is used to change what objective lens is being used
G - objective lens - magnifies the image more
H - stage - the part of the microscope that holds the specimen
I - condenser lens - gathers light from the microscope light source and concentrates it into a cone of light that illuminates the specimen
J - diaphragm - controlling the amount of light that gets to the specimen
K - light source - provides light for the microscope
What are the five characteristics of living organisms that scientists agree on?
Living organisms need energy
Living organisms respond and adapt to their environment
Living organisms reproduce
Living organisms grow
Living organisms produce wastes
What are the advantages of being multicellular?
You can grow bigger, get your food from a variety of foods, they can work much more efficiently because they can have more specialized cells.
What are all the parts of an animal and plant cell?
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, vacuoles, nucleus, mitochondria, cell wall, chloroplasts
What are the levels of organization in living organisms?
Cells - tissues - organs - systems - organisms
Who was the first person to see red cells?
Anton van Leewenhoek
What are the three main microscopes used today, explain them?
Compound light microscope - uses two lenses to help magnify the image more and uses a light to help
Transmission electron microscopes - electrons are passed through a very thin section of samples and the object has to be placed in a vacuum with no air.
Scanning electron microscope - electrons are reflected back from the surface of the sample making a three dimensional image
What are all the steps for preparing a compound light microscope?
Place the microscope on a stable surface with the arm facing towards you and plug in the microscope, move the coarse adjustment knob till the stage is roughly 1 cm away. Afterwards you prepare a wet mount - get a clean slide and put the specimen on said slide, then grab a cover slip, place a drop of water or iodine on the slide/specimen, then place the cover slip over top of the specimen. Place the wet mount on the stage under the objective lens of the microscope - make sure the microscope is on the lowest power lens - move the coarse adjustment knob and the fine adjustment knob until the specimen is in perfect focus.
Know how to calculate the field of view of a microscope.
To get the medium power magnification FOV - low power objective magnification divided by the magnification of the medium power objective lens, multiplied by the low power field of view. Do the same thing except high power instead of medium power to get high power FOV
Why are cells small instead of being large?
It makes cells more efficient because it takes less distance for the food and waste to travel from side to side, and with many specialized cells the body can work much more efficiently.
what are the differences between cell membranes and cell walls
cell walls are much thicker than cell membranes and the cell membrane isn’t just a container, it helps control the movement of the substances inside and outside the cell.
what is diffusion in cells
The CO2 in the water and in the amoeba is always the same because the CO2 is transferred through tiny openings through the amoeba’s selectively permeable membrane.
what is diffusion
the movement of particles
in liquids and gases from an area of
higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration
how do the root hairs absorb nutrients and minerals/water.
root hairs are expansions of single epidermal cells, when the concentration outside the roots are greater, then the water/minerals enter the roots by osmosis.
what are the main tissues in the body
muscles tissues, nerve tissues, epithelial tissues, connective tissues
which of these are organs, tissues or systems.
1. heart and blood vessels
2. digestive track
3. stomach
4. epithelial
5.nerve
1.organs
2.system
3.organ
4.tissues
5.tissues
Cell membrane
the selectively
permeable structure enclosing the
contents of a cell or organelle;
regulates the passage of substances
into and out of a cell or organelle
Cell wall
a rigid structure sur-
rounding the cell membrane of
plants, fungi, and some unicellular
organisms; protects and supports
the cell
Vacuole
in a cell,
a fluid-filled organelle that stores
water, food, wastes, and other
materials
Cytoplasm
the gel-like substance
within the cell membrane that con-
tains and supports the structures of
the cell
Chloroplasts
an organelle (cell
part) that contains chlorophyll
and enables plants to make carbo-
hydrates through the process
of photosynthesis; found only in
plants and in some unicellular
organisms
Nucleus
in a cell, an organelle that
controls all the cell’s activities
Osmosis
the diffu-
sion of a solvent, usually water,
through a selectively permeable
membrane
Transpiration
the loss of water from
a plant through evaporation
Evaporation
vaporization that
occurs slowly over a wide range of
temperatures
Xylem tissue
in plants,
the tissue that conducts water and
minerals absorbed by the root cells
to every cell in the plant
Phloem tissue
in
plants, the tissue that transports
sugars manufactured in the leaves
to the rest of the plant
Connective tissue
Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body
Guard cells
in a plant leaf, cells
that surround openings called
stomata; can expand to close off
the stomata
Root system
The structure beneath a plant which absorbs water and other nutrients to give the rest of the plant the nutrients it needs, as well as anchoring the plant in the ground.
Shoot system
The part of the plant growing above the ground which is responsible for getting the food for the rest of the plant, as well as containing the reproductive system for the plant.
System
A group of organs that work together to from a system to help the body perform certain actions or activities.
Organ
a group of different tissues
that work together to perform a
specific function
Tissue
a group of cells having the
same structure and function
Organism
a living or non - living thing that can function on its own
What is a cell?
The smallest unit that can perform the functions of life
Who first observed cells
Robert Hooke
Know when to use low, medium and high power lenses
You use a low power lens if you want to see a larger range of the specimen on the microscope, and you increase the magnification lens the more you want to focus on a specific part of the specimen.
What do you add to observe specimens better?
Water droplets or iodine
Know how the different systems are connected
Circulatory is connected to the respiratory by transporting the gases that the respiratory system exchanges, then transports said gases to the rest of the body as well. The circulatory system connects to the digestive system through thousands of capillary and artery networks inside the villi, which are inside the organs of the digestive system. The villi break down and absorb the nutrients from the food and the arteries and capillaries transport the nutrients to the rest of the body. Your nervous system connects to your circulatory system because your circulatory system transports the necessary nutrients to your nervous system. The muscular system is connected to all these systems through muscular tissues.
Label and know the function of the microscope
A - ocular lens or eyepiece lens - magnifies the primary image produced by the objective lens
B - tube - separates the objective and eyepiece and assures continuous alignment of the optics
C - Coarse-adjustment knob - moves stage up and down to help put the image into focus
D - Fine adjustment knob - helps move the specimen into finer adjustment to put image into focus
E - arm - holds microscope together and is used to hold the microscope
F - revolving nosepiece - is used to change what objective lens is being used
G - objective lens - magnifies the image more
H - stage - the part of the microscope that holds the specimen
I - condenser lens - gathers light from the microscope light source and concentrates it into a cone of light that illuminates the specimen
J - diaphragm - controlling the amount of light that gets to the specimen
K - light source - provides light for the microscope
What are the advantages of being multicellular?
You can grow bigger, get your food from a variety of foods, they can work much more efficiently because they can have more specialized cells.
What are all the parts of an animal and plant cell?
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, vacuoles, nucleus, mitochondria, cell wall, chloroplasts
What are the five characteristics of living organisms that scientists agree on?
Living organisms need energy
Living organisms respond and adapt to their environment
Living organisms reproduce
Living organisms grow
Living organisms produce wastes
What are the levels of organization in living organisms?
Cells - tissues - organs - systems - organisms
Who was the first person to see red cells?
Anton van Leewenhoek
What are the three main microscopes used today, explain them?
Compound light microscope - uses two lenses to help magnify the image more and uses a light to help
Transmission electron microscopes - electrons are passed through a very thin section of samples and the object has to be placed in a vacuum with no air.
Scanning electron microscope - electrons are reflected back from the surface of the sample making a three dimensional image
What are all the steps for preparing a compound light microscope?
Place the microscope on a stable surface with the arm facing towards you and plug in the microscope, move the coarse adjustment knob till the stage is roughly 1 cm away. Afterwards you prepare a wet mount - get a clean slide and put the specimen on said slide, then grab a cover slip, place a drop of water or iodine on the slide/specimen, then place the cover slip over top of the specimen. Place the wet mount on the stage under the objective lens of the microscope - make sure the microscope is on the lowest power lens - move the coarse adjustment knob and the fine adjustment knob until the specimen is in perfect focus.
Know how to calculate the field of view of a microscope.
To get the medium power magnification FOV - low power objective magnification divided by the magnification of the medium power objective lens, multiplied by the low power field of view. Do the same thing except high power instead of medium power to get high power FOV
Why are cells small instead of being large?
It makes cells more efficient because it takes less distance for the food and waste to travel from side to side, and with many specialized cells the body can work much more efficiently.
which of these are: organs, systems, or tissues
1. blood vessels and heart
2. muscle
3. epithelial
4. stomach
5. digestive track
- organs
- tissues
3.tissues
4.organ
5.system
what is diffusion
the movement of particles
in liquids and gases from an area of
higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration
why are cells specialized
So that they can make the body work more efficiently and causes systems to be able to work.
what are the organs in the digestive system
mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, large intestine, small intestine, rectum, anus
what are all the organs in the respiratory
larynx, trachea, lungs, diaphragm, bronchus, bronchioles, alveolus
the circulatory system - all organs
arteries, veins, capillaries, blood vessels, blood, heart
what are all the organs in the nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves
what are the most common diseases in the digestive system
low-fibre diets - colon cancer/ Cancer in general is a common disorder
smoking or too much alcohol can lead to peptic ulcer.
what are the most common disease in the respiratory system
bronchitis to emphysema
lung cancer
what are the most common disorders in the circulatory system
high blood pressure
heart attacks and strokes
cholesterol high diets can lead to blocked arteries which can lead to heart attacks and strokes
what are the most common diseases in the nervous system
Alzheimer diseases
epilepsy
what systems are responsible for giving energy for most the body: 2
digestive and circulatory
oxygen enters the blood stream through the _______ by ______
alveoli and diffusion
