Science Ultimate Challenge Flashcards
What is a pure substance?
A substance that is the same throughout the sample. For example, a bowl full of table salt (Sodium chloride) is a pure substance, but as soon as you mix something else with it, its a mixture/compound.
What is the difference between physical and chemical changes?
Physical changes are temporary and can be reversed, but chemical changes cannot be reversed.EXAMPLES: Water freezing is a physical change. Popcorn popping is a chemical change.
When a solid changed to a gas, it is called _________.
Sublimation
Neutrons have ______ charge.Electrons have a _______ charge.Protons have a ______ charge.
No chargeNegativePositive
Where are each of these particles located within the atom?ProtonsNeutronsElectrons
Protons are inside the nucleus of the atom.So are the neutrons.Electrons orbit the nucleus of the atom.
What are some properties of chemicals?
Is/does it…Radioactive Flammable Produce gas Change colour Conduct heat etc…
The elements to the far right of the periodic table are called…?
Noble gases
The elements to the far left of the periodic table are called…?
Alkali Metals
The elements to the right of the alkali metals are called…?
Alkaline earth metals
The elements in the middle of the periodic table are called…?
Transition metals
What are qualitative and quantitative properties of stuff?
Qualitative properties deal with descriptions that cannot be measured.EXAMPLES: Colour, texture, smell, taste…Quantitative properties deal with numbers and things that can be measured.EXAMPLES: Length, area, volume, height…
How would you draw a BR (Bohr-Rutherford) diagram model of an oxygen atom?Hint: Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and has an atomic mass of 16
The atomic number tells you how many electrons there are, AND how many protons are in the nucleus.Since you know there are 8 protons, you would subtract that number from the atomic mass to find the number of neutrons. In this case:16 - 8 = 8 neutrons in the nucleusTo draw the diagram, you would write the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus as this:P 8N 8Then, draw the electrons orbiting the nucleus. The first shell has 2, the second one has 8, third has 8, and so on.
What are the rules for drawing the electrons in their shells on BR diagrams?
The first shell always contains only 2 electrons. They are both at the top.The second shell has 8, and they go NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, then WEST.+The third shell has the same rules as the second one, and so on.
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does the following element have:Silicon (Si)A# - 14AM - 28
Electrons - 14Protons - 14Neutrons - AM - A#28 - 14= 14
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does the following element have:Bromine (Br)A# - 35AM - 80
Electrons - 35Protons - 35Neutrons - AM - A#80 - 35= 45
What is the difference between a heterogenous and homogenous mixture?
A heterogenous mixture is a mixture in which you can see the different substances, while in a homogenous mixture you cannot identify the different substance by sight.
What is the difference between a suspension and solution?
A solution is a complete mixture of two compounds, and a suspension is tiny particles of one compound inside another.
Mixture can be separated by?
physical and mechanical methods.
What is the difference between a pure substance and a mixture?
A pure substance has a constant composition.
What are the two categories of pure substance?
Elements and compounds.
What is the difference between an element and a compound?
An element is one kind of atom, and cannot be broken down into further particles. A compound is two or more types of atom, and is always the same ratio.
What is the particle theory of matter?
The theory that everything is made up of small particles, called atoms.
What are physical properties?
Properties that can be identified without changing a substance’s composition.
What are chemical properties?
Properties that have to do with reactions, such as:Reaction with waterReaction with oxygenReaction with acidToxic (reacts with organism)Radioactive (nuclear reaction)Combustible
What are some physical properties of matter?
ColorTextureOdourLustre (shiny-dull)Clarity (opaque-transparent)TasteState of matterMelting and boiling pointsCrystal form (texture -> powder, definite shape)ViscosityHardness (Resistance)pH (Acidic-Basic)
The safety symbol shapes mean?
Octagon - dangerDiamond - warningTriangle - caution
All hazardous products must have labels. The information on the product can be found on the?
MSDS, or Material Safety Date Sheet.
What are the WHMIS symbols?
Compressed gas (bottle)Flammable (flame)Oxidizer (fire on circle)Poisonous (skull/crossbones)Toxic (Capital T)Biohazard (circles)Corrosive (burning drip on hand and table)Reactive (Capital R with test tube)
What is a triboelectric series?
A chart that shows different materials.The higher a material is on the series, the greater its tendency to lose electrons
Name three good conductors
CopperAluminumIronMercuryOther minerals
Name three good insulators
RubberWoodPlasticPure water
Name three FAIR conductors
Water with mineralsMoist airHuman bodyCarbonSoil
What does the law of attraction state?
Opposites attract, and same charge repel.Negative —> Positive
In a series circuit, what happens when you double the load?
Double the load, HALF THE CURRENT.For example, if a series circuit has a current of 0.30 C/s with one light bulb, when you add another light bulb it will be 0.15C/s
What is Kirkoff’s law for a series circuit?(Current and voltage)
The current is the same throughout the circuit, no matter where you measure it.I=I=I=I=I…The total voltage is obtained by adding all the voltage drops in the circuit.Total voltage = V+V+V+V+V…
What does kirkoff’s law state for parallel circuits?
The voltage is the same throughout the circuit, no matter where you measure it.V=V=V=V=V…The total current is obtained by adding all the current drops in the circuit.Total current = I+I+I+I+I+I…
What is the formula for finding the voltage is a circuit?
V = IR
A skull and crossbones in an octagon means…
Danger, a great risk of poisioning
How do you charge something by contact?
Charging by contact occurs when electrons are transferred from the charged object to the neutral object that it touches.
Define ‘power’ in electricity
Power is the amount of energy used per second.
What particle is transferred to create electricity?
Electrons.
How does friction affect electrons?
It can transfer them from one element to another depending on their places in the triboelectric series.
What’s the term used to explain the triboelectric series?
Electron affinity.
How do charges behave?
Opposites attract, like charges repel.
When is water an insulator?
When it is pure. Otherwise dissolved minerals act as conductors.
How can you detect static charge?
Using an electroscope, or a pith ball.
What is ground?
A thing with so many electrons that is can neutralize anything that it is connected to.
What is induction?
The movement of electrons caused by other charged object that are not in contact.
How does charging by induction work?
You repel the electrons from an area, then ground it so it gains the electrons it lost in that area, then remove everything, and it is left with an abundance of electrons.
What is electrical discharge?
The spark from static electricity moving.
Why does lightning strike?
The electron buildup at the bottom of the cloud build up and create a positive charge on the ground, which it then compensates for by discharging electrons in the form of lightning.
How does a Van de Graff generator work?
The friction between the rubber belt and the comb create a negative charge, which is transferred to the metal sphere.
What is a load in a circuit?
A part of a circuit that converts electrical energy into another type of energy.
What is a source?
A part of a circuit that converts any type of energy into electrical energy.
What is a conductor?
Part of a circuit that allows electrons to flow.
What is a control?
A part of a circuit that toggles the flow of electrons.
What is an electrolyte?
A liquid or paste that contains chemicals that form ions.
What is an electrode?
A strip of metal that reacts with electrolytes.
What is the difference between a wet and dry cell?
A wet cell uses liquid, and a dry cell uses a paste.
What path do electrons take?
The path of least resistance.
What is ecology?
Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with each other, as well as with their environment.
What the difference between abiotic and biotic factors that influence ecosystems?
Abiotic factors are from non-living things.EXAMPLES: Water, sunlight, minerals, temperature, air…Biotic factors are from living things.EXAMPLES : Plants, animals, fungus, bacteria…
What is the ‘10% rule’?
Only 10% of the energy in a food pyramid travels up a level. For example, if plants are at the bottom of the pyramid, and giraffes are the next level, 10% of the energy from plants goes up to the giraffes.
What is a Natural ecosystem? Give examples
A natural ecosystem is an ecosystem that occurs as it would without human beings. There are no buildings, roads, or anything else that disturbs it.EXAMPLES: Forests, deserts, mountains…
What is an artificial ecosystem? Give examples
An artificial ecosystem meets all the criteria of a natural ecosystem, but is controlled by humans. EXAMPLES: Orchards, farmlands, gardens…
What are trophic levels?
The levels of a food chain (Food pyramid). EX: 1st carnivore, top carnivore, herbivore
What do decomposers do?
They eat dead animals (Mostly predators). After this, they absorb the energy and put it back into the ground, providing energy to plants, and starting the cycle over again.
Name the 5 levels of the food chain
Predators (Top Carnivore)(this could go on to be quaternary, quinary, etc.)Tertiary consumers (2nd carnivores)Secondary consumers (1st carnivores)Primary consumers (herbivores)Plants (BOTTOM)
What is the difference between a food web and a food chain?
A food web can branch off into many different animals, while a food chain only travels in one direction.
Identify the producers in a food web.
The producers in a food web are plants, at trophic level one. (producers)
If one species is removed/reduced from the food pyramid, what will happen to the other levels of the pyramid?
If a species at the BOTTOM of the pyramid is removed/reduced, then the higher levels will not have enough food to survive.If a species at the TOP of the pyramid is removed/reduced, then the lower levels will be overpopulated and could start eating everyone else’s food.
What are consumers?
Consumers are animals that eat a plant or something that has ALREADY eaten a plant to get nutrients and energy.They cannot use the sun to make chemical energy
What is a food chain?
A food chain shows the feeding relationship between organisms. It starts with a producer, continues through many different consumers, and ends with a top carnivore.At any stage, any consumer/producer in a food chain can decompose into the ground.
What is the difference between biotic and abiotic?
Biotic is living, Abiotic is non-living. Biotic goes to heterotrophs and autotrophs, the premier going to predators and detrivores, and detrivores having decomposers and scavengers. Autotrophs is producers. I hope to god you know this/
What are autotrophs?
Organisms that can make nutrients from simple abiotic substances such as carbon dioxide. EX: All plants
What are heterotrophs?
Organisms that cannot synthesize their own food and are dependent on complex organic substances for nutrition. (herbivores and carnivores)
Name three supporting facts that the Big Bang actually happened
- Background microwave radiation (BMR)2. Some galaxies are red shifted3. The whole sky would be bright
Name the two types of telescopes and how they work
REFLECTIVE - reflects light off of mirrors into the eyepiece.REFRACTIVE - refracts light down a single tube into the eyepiece
How long does it take the earth to revolve around the sun once
365.something days. I hope you got this one right….
Mars is to red as Jupiter is to…
Large ;)
Name the four terrestrial planets
MercuryVenusEarthMars
Name the four gas giant planets
JupiterSaturnUranusNeptune
Where is the moon during a solar eclipse?
Between the sun and the earth
Where is the moon during a lunar eclipse?
Behind the earth
What is one AU called, and how long is one?
Astronomical unit. Its distance is from the earth to the sun. Or about 150 million km.
List these star colours in order from HOTTEST to COLDEST:WhiteYellowRedBlueOrange
HOTTEST————BlueWhiteYellowOrangeRed————COLDEST
Fill in the blanks:Stars larger than our sun produce _________ light energy than our sun, while smaller stars produce _______ light.
MoreLess
When a star about 30 times the mass of the sun dies, the resulting core is called a ________ ________.
A black hole
Fill in the blanks:A yellow star (Such as out sun) has a surface temp. of _______ degrees C. A red star has a surface temp. of ________ degrees C, and a blue star has a surface temp. of __________ to ________ degrees C.
Yellow star - 6000 degrees CRed star - 3000 degrees CBlue star - 20,000 to 35,000 degrees C
What a star about 10 times the mass of the sun dies, the resulting core is called a _________ _________.
A Neutron star
When a star the size of our sun dies, the resulting core is called a _______ _______ and is hotter than red or yellow stars.
White Dwarf
Where do all stars begin their lives?
Inside a nebula, which is a huge cloud of dusts and gases.
How are stars born?
Inside a nebula, the dusts and gases swirl around, form into clumps, and their gravity starts to attract more clumps.When enough clumps have gone together, the temperature rises, and at 10,000,000 degrees C nuclear fusion starts and the star is born.
Name the 8 moon phases, starting with a new moon.
New moonWaxing crescentFirst quarterWaxing gibbousFull moonWaning gibbousLast quarterWaning crescent
Which planet is the hottest? Which is the coldest?(Pluto doesn’t count)
Hottest - VenusColdest - Neptune
What moon phase is this?
First Quarter
What moon Phase is this?
Third quarter
What moon phase is this?
New Moon
What moon phase is this?
Waxing gibbous
What moon phase is this?
Waning gibbous
What moon phase is this?
Full moon /I hope to god you got this one right/
What moon phase is this?
Waxing crescent
What moon phase is this?
Waning crescent
What are populations?
Population is the amount of organisms of the same species in a certain area
What are species?
A species is an individual type of organism
What are communities?
A community is several species interacting in the same area
What is a biome?
A biome is a large geographical area consisting of similar ecosystems.
What is the hydrosphere?
The hydrosphere contains all of the water on Earth. 97% of water is salt water. The majority of water is stored in the oceans, streams, lakes and water vapour and other places.
What is the atmosphere?
The atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the planet. 78% is nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.5% is carbon dioxide and 0.04% is water vapour.
What is the lithosphere?
The lithosphere is Earth’s rocky hard surface, it involves the crust and the outer mantle extending 100km below the outer surface.
How is ammonia made and used?
Using Nitrogen fixation involving nitrogen fixing bacteria. Lightning is the only other way for this process to occur. Nitrogen can also be made into ammonia from legumes. Nitrifying bacteria covert ammonia into nitrite and then nitrate which is used by plants.
What are the biggest carbon sources on earth?
The ocean (dissolved Co2), the atmosphere and the ground (gas and oil)
What is the chemical or word equation for photosynthesis and describe it.
Co2+H2O+sunlight=C6 H12 O6+O2
Photosynthesis is the process by which a plant will use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen.
What are factors limit a population?
Competition between the same species for food, predation, disease and parasites, human destructions and disturbances and climate extremes such as fire and others.
How can invasive species invade new lands?
Through Ballasts tanks in ships, by clinging onto the ships (zebra mussels), escaping from captivity and other means.
