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YR 9 EXAM/TEST PREP > SCIENCE TEST CHAP 7, 8, 9 > Flashcards

SCIENCE TEST CHAP 7, 8, 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Disease

A

Is a condition in which the body or parts of the body do not function properly

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2
Q

What are the factors in disease?

A
  • Infection by microorganisms

- Environmental and lifestyle factors.

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3
Q

What is disease caused by?

A

They are caused by microoganisms

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4
Q

Bacteria

A

Are microscopic, unicellular organisms.

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5
Q

Fungi

A

Are decomposer organisms in the environment. Live in the dirt, on plants, on household surfaces, and on your skin. E.g. Thrush, athlete’s foot

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of microorganisms?

A

Bacteria
Virus
Parasites
Fungi

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7
Q

What does bacteria do?

A

Are important as they are decomposers, which means they covert dead plants, animal matter and wastes into nutrients that plants use to grow

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8
Q

How does bacteria help?

A

Bacteria living in the intestines of herbivores such as cows and kangaroos help with digestion. Human use bacteria to make medicine and to break down pollutants.

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9
Q

What are Bacterial Diseases?

A

Infectious diseases are caused by a pathogenic microorganism. E.g. Whooping Cough, Tetanus
Some infectious diseases are more easily spread than others (contagious) and sometimes require quarantine

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10
Q

Pathogens

A

Bacteria that are harmful and cause disease. Can cause hundreds of diseases, such as whooping cough and tetanus.

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11
Q

Contagious

A

Infectious diseases that are more easily spread than others are called contagious

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12
Q

Quarantine

A

People with contagious diseases are put into quarantine. That means they are isolated from healthy people to prevent the spread of the disease.

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13
Q

Antibiotics

A

Infections are treated with antibiotics, substances that kill or prevent the growth of bacteria. E.g. Penicillin. Before antibiotics you had to depend on your body’s immune system to fight of an infection.

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14
Q

Penicillin

A

The first successful antibiotic

Made from Penicillin mould

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15
Q

Methods of entry by Pathogens

A 
Food and Water
Breathing In
Cuts and wounds
Sexual Contact
Other Contact
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16
Q

First Line of Defense: Skin

A

The largest organ of your body. An effective barrier against pathogens & harmful chemicals

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17
Q

What are the Lines of Defense in your Immmune System?

A

Skin
Fluids (tears and saliva)
Air entering nostrils
The digestive system

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18
Q

The lymphatic system

A

Made up of a series of vessels and capillaries that carry fluid from around your cells back to your heart. In areas of the lymphatic system there are nodules called lymph nodes.

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19
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

They contain are large number of different types of white blood cells, including lymphocytes.

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20
Q

Lymphocytes

A

A white blood cell that makes antibodies

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21
Q

Antibodies

A

Cause pathogens to clump together allowing macrophages to destroy more of the pathogens at any one time. Antibodies made are specific to a particular pathogen. Because they are made to be specific, they take time to produce, and meanwhile you may get sick. After the infection is cleared memory lymphocytes remain. The next time your immune system meets the same pathogen, your immune system remembers the pathogen and memory lymphocytes are able to make antibodies faster.

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22
Q

Vaccines

A

Are substances that cause your body to react as if it had met a pathogen.

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23
Q

How are vaccines made?

A

Some vaccines are made by taking a small amount of toxins produced by a bacterium, and making it inactive.

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24
Q

How do vaccines make you immune?

A

Because of the inactive toxin being harmless, your immune system responds to the vaccine, making you immune to the pathogen

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25
Q

Examples of vaccines

A

Children and other at-risk groups receive meningococcal and pneumococcal vaccines.

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26
Q

How can diseases be prevented

A

Some diseases are prevented by having good hygiene.

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27
Q

Ways to have good hygiene

A

Wash your hands
Thoroughly wash all surfaces on which food is prepared
Keep foods such as meat, fish and dairy products refrigerated and separate from one another
Use different chopping boards for cooked and raw foods

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28
Q

What are viruses?

A

Viruses are pathogens that invades a host cell and uses it to multiply. They are about one-hundreth the size of bacteria. E.g. Common Colds, Flu

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29
Q

How does your body fight against viruses?

A

Because viruses can mutate and change into new strains, they require new antibodies & vaccines. The body can develop immunity to viruses in the same way as it does for bacteria.

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30
Q

How do you treat viruses?

A

Antibiotics do not fight against viruses. Instead we use anti-viral drugs which stops the reproduction of the virus cell.

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31
Q

Nanomedicine

A

Is another way to fight viruses. Works by using nanoparticles which makes nanotraps which imitate the surface to the membrane that a virus uses to enter the cell.

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32
Q

What is a parasite?

A

Is an organism that lives on or in the body of another organism, called the host, and takes nutrients from it.

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33
Q

What is the Immune System?

A

The immune system protects your body from outside invaders e.g. pathogens.

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34
Q

What is a host?

A

A host is the body that the parasite lives in. The host receives nothing beneficial from the parasite, and instead may be harmed.

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35
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Chemical process that maintain life and allows an organism to grow and reproduce, and respond to its environment.

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36
Q

What are the chemical reactions of metabolism?

A
  • Reactions that break down organic matter e.g. Cellular respiration
  • Reactions that build complex molecules from simpler substances e.g. Construction of new cells
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37
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Special proteins that can speed up a reaction without being used up in the process. Without enzymes, reactions would be too slow to maintain life.

38
Q

How do Enzymes work (lock and key model)

A

Each enzyme is specific to one particular chemical reaction
Each enzyme has a particular shape that allows it to attach to the substrate (a specific molecule that will be changed by the chemical reaction)
In a reaction, the enzyme and the substrate join together and the substrate is then changed in some way.

39
Q

How many enzymes are there?

A

There are 700 enzymes in the human body and each one is specific to one particular chemical reaction.

40
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

When a large molecule has been split into smaller molecules

41
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

When smaller molecules are joined to form a bigger molecule

42
Q

What is a substrate?

A

Each enzyme has a specific shape which allows them to attach themselves to a specific molecule, known as a subraste. The subraste is then changed in some way.

43
Q

What do your food break down into?

A

Carbohydrate are broken down into glucose
Protein are broken down into amino acids
Lipids are broken down into fatty acids

44
Q

What does the food you eat contain?

A

It contains complex carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

45
Q

What is diffusion

A

It is the movement of particles in a substance from and are of high concentration to an area of low concentration. It occurs in liqiuds and gases. After eating, there are high concentrations of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids in the small intestine than the bloodstream. Through diffusion, these substances are moved to areas with low concentration (small intestine -> blood stream).
Then substances are carried to other cells via blood

46
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Breaks down hormones
Breaks down haemoglobin (from dead blood cells), creating products that are added to bile and disposed of through the digestive system
Breaks down or modifies toxic substances and most medicines-and excess of toxins such as alchohol may cause permanent damage to the liver
Converts ammonia to urea

47
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

The nervous system is made up of the brain spinal cord and nerves. It acts as the control centre of the body

48
Q

What are the two the parts of the nervous system?

A

The CNS: Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Cord)

The PNS: Peripheral Nervous System (Nerves)

49
Q

What is the brain stem?

A

The brain stem (Scientific name: Medulla Oblongata) controls the body’s vital functions, such as swallowing, taste, breathing, digestion, blood pressure and heart rate.

50
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

Main information highway- all information from and to the brain goes through the spinal cord.
Connected through the brain through the brainstem

51
Q

What are the similarities between CNS and PNS.

A

Both are the major parts of the nervous system
Both are vital systems in processing and coordinating information within the body
Both transmit nerve impulses
Both contain nerves or neurons

52
Q

What are the functions of the CNS?

A

Receives information from all over the body, process that information, and then sends out messages telling the body how to respond.

53
Q

What is the PNS’s functions?

A

Carry messages to and from the CNS and other parts of your body

54
Q

What is the PNS made up of?

A

Somatic Nervous System (voluntary action)

Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary action)

55
Q

What is the Somatic Nervous System

A

It is a voluntary action
Collects information through sensory organs like the eyes and ears
The sensory organs are called “receptors”

56
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

It is an involuntary action
Activities in your body that happen without you realising it
E.g. blood flow, heartbeat, digesting and breathing

57
Q

What is the branches of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervous System

58
Q

What is the Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Responsible for flight-fight response and prepare our body for incoming threats
Increase the heart beat and muscles tense up pupil dilates to let in more light and digestion decreases

59
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

A

Relaxes the body by conserving the energy and inhibiting the high energy functions
Decrease the heart beat and muscles relaxes pupil contracts and digestion increases

60
Q

First Line of Defense: Fluids (Tears and Saliva)

A

Mild antiseptic. Wash away pathogens, dust and harmful chemicals

61
Q

First Line of Defense: Hair and Mucus

A

Trap & filter unwanted particles. Cough and sneeze help to remove the foreign particles E.g nose

62
Q

First Line of Defense: Stomach Acid

A

Kills Pathogens

63
Q

Second Line of Defense: Inflammation

A

Once a pathogen enters the body tissues, the affected area becomes red, hot and swollen - inflamed. Certain immune cells release histamine that cause more blood to flow to the infected site.

64
Q

Second Line of Defense: White Cells (Neutrophils)

A

Helps to destroy pathogens by engulfing them. Pus are dead white blood cells that have consumed pathogens

65
Q

What are memory lymphocytes?

A

Have memory for a specific pathogen,so next time this pathogen enters the tissue, they can respond faster (Now you are Immune to that pathogen)

66
Q

How do you get oxygen?

A

Air goes through the nose and mouth into the alveoli (lungs). Oxygen dissolves and moves by diffusion into the blood
In the blood, oxygen mixes with haemoglobin (protein in blood that allows transport of oxygen into blood) in the red blood cells & pumped by the heart.
Oxygen dissolves and moves into the blood by diffusion
Then, oxygen attaches to haemoglobin (protein part of red blood cells) in the blood and enters the heart.
Then, the heart pumped the oxygenated blood to the rest of our body cells.

67
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

Circulatory system carries materials (gases, nutrients, water and waste products) to and from every cell via a series of blood vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins)

68
Q

What is the heart?

A

The heart is the pump that keeps the blood moving through the body

69
Q

How do you remove waste in your body?

A

Done by the liver. Some of the liver’s functions are:
Breaks down hormones
Breaks down haemoglobins (from dead red blood cells)
Breaks down and modifies toxic substances and most medicines
Converts ammonia to urea
Most of these wastes are carried from the liver to the kidneys and excreted through urine.

70
Q

How do the systems of the body depend on each other?

A

Some body systems work together to complete a job. For example, the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to provide the body with oxygen and to rid the body of carbon dioxide. The lungs provide a place where oxygen can reach the blood and carbon dioxide can be removed from it.

71
Q

How does your body respond to stimulus?

A

1) Stimulus: any factor that stimulates a receptor and brings about a response (a change in the environment)
2) Receptor: a specialised cell that detects stimuli (changes) and transmit a signal to sensory nerve
3) Modulator: Co-ordinating process by the CNS and send the respond message to a motor nerve to effectors
4) Effectors: muscles or glands that put the messages into effect
5) Response: is a change in the organism resulting from the detection of a stimuls

72
Q

What is the Endocrine system?

A

The endocrine system controls the internal environment of the body.

73
Q

What does the endocrine system comprise of?

A

Consists of a series of endocrine glands located around the body that produces hormones.

74
Q

What are hormones?

A

Are chemical substances that act as messengers in the body.

75
Q

How does the nervous system and the endocrine system work together?

A

The endocrine system is regulated by the pitituary gland, which responds to info from the hypothalamus in the brain.

76
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

It is a portion of the brain made up of nerve tissues. Consistently checks the internal environment - the condition within tissues, organs and other body systems. If these conditions change, then the hypothalamus responds. The most important function is to link the nervous system and endocrine system together.

77
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

Known as the ‘master gland’
Controls the activities of other glands such as ovaries, testes and thyroid glands.
The hypothalamus releases hormones to the pituitary gland which responds by telling the other glands to secrete more/less hormones.

78
Q

How does the body control the internal environment

A

Through homeostasis: the process of maintaining a constant internal environment
works through a control known as a feedback system

79
Q

How does your body control body temperature?

A

In humans, body temperature can be controlled in two ways:

1) Hormonal control of temperature
2) Nervous control of temperature

80
Q

Hormonal control of temperature

A

Hormonal control takes time and does not have immediate control over body temperature
Hypothalamus receives information from temperature receptors in the skin and from internal receptors (including the hypothalamus itself)
If the hypothalamus detects a fall in body temperature, it produces a hormone that causes the pituitary gland to secret more thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).
TSH stimulates the thyroid to release more of the hormone thyroxine.
Thyroxine travels in the blood to all cells and cause the rate of metabolism in cells to increases
Increased metabolism generates more heat and warms the body

81
Q

Nervous control of temperature

A

More immediate response
When body temperature decreases
Hypothalamus detects a drop in temperature and sends nerve impulses to muscle groups around vital organs (heart and lungs)
Small shaking movements begin in these muscles and eventually extend to the large muscles of the body (arms & legs), and you begin to shiver
Shivering increases activity of muscle cells, producing heat and increasing body temperature

82
Q

Nervous Control of Temperature

A

Another way of nervous control by sympathetic nervous system:
results in-
narrowing of the blood vessels to reduce blood flow to the fingers, toes, nose and ears (you feel numb)
Reduce heat loss

83
Q

Nervous Control of Temperature

A

When body temperature increases
When the hypothalamus detects a rise in body temperatures, nerve messages are sent to sweat glands and blood vessels.
Results in:
Blood vessels close to the skin will dilate to allow more blood and heat it carries to reach the skin surface (extra blood near skin makes your skin red)
Sweat glands are instructed by the hypothalamus to secret more sweat and the heat from your body causes the sweat to evaporate.

84
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

A system formed by a group of living things interacting with each other and their nonliving surroundings in a balanced way.

85
Q

What is ecology?

A

The study of ecosystems

86
Q

What are the factors that affect organisms

A

Abiotic Factors- Non-living factors, such as water, temperature, sunlight, soil type and oxygen levels.
Biotic Factors- Living factors such as predators and bacteria and fungi.

87
Q

Types of relationships in ecosystems

A

Competition- when organisms are trying to use the same resource
Predation- When one organism kills and feeds off of another organism.
Symbiosis- when two organisms live closely together. There are classes of symbiosis: Mutualism, Parasitism, Commensalism.

88
Q

Symbiosis Classes

A

Mutualism- When two organism benefit each other
Parasitism- When one organism is benefitted while the other is harmed
Commensalism- One organism is benefitted while the other is unaffected

89
Q

Environmental Changes and populations

A

When the environment changes, the population sizes of all species can be affected
Involves abiotic factors and biotic factors
The most common environmental change are in temperature, light, and water. E.g. native plants in Australia

90
Q

Factors that affect population size

A

Birth Rate- Number of Individuals born per thousand of the population | The number of animal births often increases when food is plentiful. Adults have more energy to breed. More breeding adults can survive because more food is available
Death Rate- Number of who die per thousand of the population | When food is plentiful, more animals survive and less die, which keeps the population high. In contrast, exposure to unusually low temperatures can increase the death rate
Immigration- Number of individuals moving into an area per thousand of the population in the area | More animals move into an area with more food and water.
Emmigration- Number of individuals moving out an area per thousand of the population in the area | Animals usually move out of an are when they do not have enough water or food.

YR 9 EXAM/TEST PREP (5 decks)

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