Science terminology Flashcards
Anatomical Position
standard positioning of the body standing; feet together; arms to side; with head, eyes and palms facing forward
cells
the basic unit of life
cellular functions
processes that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein synthesis, and movement
directional terminology
words used to explain relationships of location of anatomical elements
organ systems
functional groups of the body that work together
organelle
a specialized part of the cell that has a specific function
organ
a self-contained part of a cell that has a specific function
reference planes
planes dividing the body to describe locations
tissue
a group of cells working together as a unit
Ribosomes carry out….
protein synthesis
the Golgi apparatus (function)
modifies and packages proteins
function of mitochondria
convert energy in chemical bonds into food accessible to the cell
nucleus (function)
stores and processes instructions contained in the DNA that tells the cell what its functions are
Glands that secrete proteins have a large amount of which two organelles?
Rough ER and and Golgi apparatus
Which organelle does a muscle cell have a lot of?
Mitochondria
Example of a cell that functions autonomously
Phagocytic white blood cells
How do nerves transmit impulses?
Electrically
Coronal/ frontal plane
front/back division
transverse/ cross-sectional
top/bottom division
sagittal/ median
left/right division
superior
above
inferior
below
anterior
front
posterior
back
lateral
away from midline
Medial
toward midline
proximal
closer to attached limb
Distal
away from attached limb
Alveoli
tiny air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place
asthma
a lung disease characterized by inflamed, narrowed airways, and difficulty breathing
bronchi
the main passageways directly attached to the lungs
bronchioles
small passages in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli
cystic fibrosis
a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and other organs, characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing up sputum, and lung infections
perfusion
the passage of fluids to an organ or a tissue
pleura
a membrane around the lungs and inside the chest cavity
surfactant
a fluid secreted by alveoli and found in the lungs
tidal volume
the amount of air breathed in a normal inhalation or exhalation
trachea
the windpipe, which connects the larynx to the lungs
ventilation
the movement of air in and out of the body via inhalation and exhalation
respiratory system main functions
transporting O2 from the atmosphere into the body’s cells and moving CO2 out of the body
why is the respiratory system unique?
it is constructed to maximize surface area for the exchange of gasses
What other system works closely with the respiratory system?
circulatory system
Passage of air in the respiratory system
nose or mouth –> trachea –> bronchi and bronchioles –> lungs
Which lung is bigger? right or left?
right (the right lung has three segments [lobes], the left has 2)
How does gas exchange in the lungs occur?
diffusion
The rate of diffusion in the lungs is directly proportion to what two things?
surface area and the concentration gradient
O2 in the lungs move into ___ and CO2 in the lungs moves into _____. The CO2 is then ___.
blood, lungs, exhaled
The ___ and the ____ contract to decrease the volume of the lungs, decreasing pressure in the ___.
Diapgragm, intercostals of the ribs, lungs
The Diaphragm and intercostals ____ causing a reduction in lung volume and increasing pressure.
relax
Which part of the brain stem controls breathing?
Medulla oblongata
How does the medulla oblongata control respiration?
monitoring CO2 levels and blood pH
How does high altitude affect lung function?
depresses lung function due to lower O2 levels
How do pollen, chemicals and smoke affect the lung?
it damages the cilia or causes emphysema, allergies and inflammation
Definition of cardiovascular system
movement of blood and lymph around the body, which permit nutrient distribution, waste removal, communication and protection
What does the circulatory system transport?
nutrients, waste, chemical messengers and immune molecules
Parts of closed circulatory system
- thick-walled arteries (transport blood from heart)
- thin-walled veins (transport blood to heart)
- capillaries (connect arteries and veins to tissues)
Describe the open lymphatic system
circulates and filters interstitial fluid between cells and eventually drains into the circulatory system
What does the pulmonary loop do?
carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium
What does the systemic loop do?
carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body, returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
Path of blood flow through the heart
superior and inferior vena cava –> right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary arteries –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> left ventricle –> aorta –> body
Cardiac muscle properties (5)
- striated
- smaller than skeletal muscle
- branched
- aerobic
- connected by gap junctions
What is systole?
contraction of heart muscles
What is diastole?
relaxation of heart muscles
What causes the “Lub” sound in the heart?
atrioventricular valves closing
What causes the “dub” sound?
semilunar valves closing
What controls the electrical impulses of the heart?
SA (sinoatrial) node
Why do arteries have thick walls?
to withstand the pressure of blood pumped by the heart
Where is CO2 dissolved into and where is it released from?
the plasma and released by the lungs
function of leukocytes
immunity; they are WBC
Neutrophils
phagocytize foreign material, can leave blood to the tissue
When are neutrophils increased?
bacterial, fungal infection
Eosinophils
phagocytic, function in parasitic infections
When are eosinophils increased?
parasitic infections, and those with severe allergies
Basophils
allergy resposne
when are basophils increased?
Allergic response
Monocytes
can migrate into tissue and become macrophages, also Major antigen presenting cells
When are monocytes increased?
during viral infections
T cells function
cell-mediated immunity
B cells function
antibody production
NK cells function
nonspecific, kills foreign and infected cells
when are lymphocytes increased?
viral infections
Hemoglobin
the protein in RBC that carries O2 from the lungs to the rest of the body
Lymph
clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease
Plasma
the pale yellow component of blood that carries RBC, WBC and platelets throughout the body
The gastrointestinal system starts at the ____ and ends at the ____.
Mouth, anus
After food is ingested, what kind of breakdown occurs?
mechanical due to chewing and grinding of teeth
What is released to start chemical digestion in the mouth?
amylase (starch) and lipase (lipids)
When food is packed into small parcels it is then called ____.
bolus
What closes the tracheal opening when the bolus is going down the throat?
epiglottis
What prevents gastric reflux when food has entered the stomach?
gastric sphincter
When is chemical digestion initiated in the stomach?
when pepsin is involved, which is activated by acid and autocatalysis
what are the three main secretions in the stomach?
pepsinogen (chief cells), mucus (goblet cells) and hydrochloric acid (parietal cells)
Following digestion in the stomach, food passes through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum. What is the bolus now called?
Chyme
in the duodenum, chyme is neutralized by bicarbonate. What neutralizes it?
Bile
Where is bile produced and stored?
it is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder
Villi and microvilli in the small intestine absorb what?
nutrients, proteases, lactase and vitamin B12
From the small intestine, blood carrying nutrients pass through the hepatic portal duct. What does this allow the liver to do?
dominate amino acids, convert ammonia to urea, metabolize toxins, and store glucose and glycogen
What protects the cecum?
vermiform appendix
What vitamin is absorbed in the large intestine?
vitamin K
What hormone induces hunger?
Gherlin
What hormone tells you you are satisfied with food?
leptin
Parietal cells (function)
- denatures food and kills microbes
- activates pepsinogen
Chief cells (function)
secretes pepsinogen (digests proteins)
Enteroendocrine cells (gastrin) function
secretes gastrin which relaxes the pyloric sphincter and stimulates production of stomach acids and enzymes
Pertistalsis
a series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
Where does the Sensory (afferent) nerves send their message?
sends to the central nervous system
Where does the Motor (efferent) nerves send their message?
sends to the muscles
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
it controls involuntary actions involving cardiac muscle and smooth muscle, such as heart rhythm, digestion, and breathing
What does voluntary control of muscles do ?
make skeletal muscles do deliberate action such as walking, throwing, or typing
What do muscle cells contain?
long myofibrils made of sarcomere (smallest functional unit of a muscle fiber) units
What do myofibrils contain?
contractile filaments called actin (thin filament) and myosin (thick filament) which are proteins
autonomic nervous system
part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates unconscious body functions such as breathing and heart rate
axon
nerve fiber that carries a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body
How does the skeletal muscles work
First, the nervous system sends a signal to a muscle, actin and myosin proteins in the muscle slide past each other, creating either a contraction or relaxation of the muscle
synapse
structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands
which of the following actions is controlled by the autonomic nervous system? A- walking B- chewing C- heart beating D- talking
C- heart beating
which of the following processes best describes how a signal travels across a nerve synapse? A- electrical B- kinetic C- potential D- chemical
D- chemical
what is the primary component of muscles? A- fat B- protein C- carbohydrates D- nucleic acid
B- protein
What does the male reproductive system generate?
male gametes (sperm = spermatozoa)
What does the female reproductive system generate
female gametes (eggs = ova) and incubates the fetus during pregnancy
What are gametes
haploid reproductive (germ) cells
what is the cervix
passage that forms the lower part of the uterus
what is estrogen
female sex hormones
what are the fallopian tubes
tubes that carry eggs from ovaries to the uterus
what are the ovaries
organ in which eggs are produced for reproduction and secrete estrogen and progesterone
what is the prostate gland
gland in males that controls the release of urine and secretes a milky white fluid thats part of semen that enhances motility and fertility of sperm
what is the scrotum
pouch of skin that contains the testicles,which houses them away from the body and keeps the testes at proper temperature for spermatogenesis
what are the testes
organs that produce sperm
what is the penis
eliminate urine and sperm, contains the urethra
what is testosterone
hormone that stimulates male secondary sex characteristics
what is the urethra
tube that connects the bladder to the exterior of the body
what hormones are associated with the male reproductive system
follicle stimulating hormone- stimulates spermatogenesis
luteinizing hormone- stimulates testosterone production
testosterone- male sex characteristics
what are the internal structures of the male reproductive system
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- ejaculatory ducts
- urethra
- prostate gland and seminal vesicles ( produce the fluids necessary for lubricating and nourishing the sperm)
- bulbourethral duct
what are the external structures of the male reproductive system
- penis
- scrotum
- testes
what does the epididymis do
stores sperm as it matures
where does the mature sperm move
from epididymis to the Vas Deferens to the ejaculatory duct
what do the seminal vesicles secrete
alkaline fluids with proteins and mucus into the ejaculatory duct
what does the bulbourethral, or Cowper’s, gland secrete?
secrete a fluid into the urethra to neutralize the acidity in the urethra
In females, what is the response to changing hormone levels?
the follicle in the ovary matures and releases an egg that then travels down the fallopian tubes to the uterus
In the female reproductive system where does fertilization occur?
fallopian tubes
In the female reproductive system where does the fertilized egg embed itself
uterine wall (endometrium) and produces the placenta (nourishes the fetus and removes waste)
In the female reproductive system what is the corpus luteum
empty Graafian follicle and produces large amounts of progesterone to prepare endometrium for implantation of the fertilized egg
In the female reproductive system what happens if the egg is not implanted
the uterine lining sheds
In the female reproductive system the cycle of maturation and shedding of the endometrium is called
the menstrual cycle
In the female reproductive system where is estrogen produced and what does it cause
produced in the ovaries and causes the egg to mature in the ovary’s graafian follicle and uterine endometrium to thicken
In the female reproductive system what hormone is released from the pituitary gland? and what does it cause?
luteinizing hormone and causes the developing egg to to be released
Which of the following organs produces sperm?
A-Penis
B- testes
C- Prostate
D- Vas deferens
B
Which of the following connects the ovaries and uterus? A-Vagina B-Cervix C- Vas deferens D- Fallopian tubes
D
In which of the following organs is estrogen primarily made?
A- Testicles
B- Uterus
C- Scrotum
D- Ovaries
D
Dermis
the middle layer of skin
Epiderimis
the outer layer of skin
Subcutaneous
under the dermis
What is excreted by the sudoiferous glands?
water, sodium, chloride and magnesium
Sweat can contain what three things?
urea, lactic acid and alcohol
What happens to the blood vessels on the skin when the body is warm?
They dilate
What happens to the blood vessels on the skin when the body is cold?
They constrict
Which of the following is the outermost layer of the skin? A- Dermis B- Suboriferous C- Sebaceous D- Epidermis
D
Which of the following is not excreted through the integumentary system? A- Alcohol B- MInerals C- BLood D- Urea
C
Which of the following mechanisms is used when the body becomes too cold? A- blood vessel dilation B- Sweating C-blood vessel constriction D- Vitamin D production
C
Where do the endocrine system and nervous system integrate?
Hypothalamus
Explain the relationship between the endocrine and nervous system?
The nervous system receives signal from the sensory system and uses electrical impulses to send signals to the hypothalamus to activate the pituitary. The pituitary then sends releasing hormones to other glands in the body that controls their hormone production. Hormones are made directly at that gland and released into the circulatory system and are received by the target cell or organ.
Adrenal gland
Gland above the kidney that produces hormones to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and other functions
Hormone definition
chemical messenger produced by a gland and transported by the blood stream that regulates specific processes in the body
Parathyroid gland
An endocrine gland in the neck that produces thyroid hormone (regulates calcium levels)
Pineal gland
a small gland near the center of the brain that secretes melatonin (regulates sleep cycles [circadian rhythms])
Thymus
the lymphoid organ that produces T-cells
Thyroid gland
the gland in the neck that secretes hormones that regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate
Which of the following describes the signal employed by the endocrine system? A-Electrical B-Chemical C-Physical D-Audio-visual
B
Which of the following is not a gland in the endocrine system? A-Pineal B-Pancreas C-Lung D-Ovary
C
What is the genitourinary system composed of?
kidneys, ureters, urethra, and bladder
Kidneys manufacture _____, which travels through the ____ to the _____ where it is stored until secretion through the ___.
Urine, ureters, bladder, urethra
In males the urethra not only carries urine. It also carries what?
Sperm
What are the five functions of the kidneys?
filtering blood, creating urine, stabilizing water balance, maintaining blood pressure and producing the active form of vitamin D
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
What are the two major regions of the kidney?
Medulla and Cortex
What part of the nephron filters blood?
Glomerulus
Which artery does the cardiovascular system pump blood into the kidneys from?
renal artery
What hormone do the kidneys produce that regulates BP by retaining or removing water and salt?
Renin
How much liquid can the bladder hold?
400-800 mL
Renal cortex
outer layer of kidney
Renal medulla
inner layer of kidney
How does the immune system prevent pathogens from entering the body?
With the skin and secretions from the skin such as acid, enzymes and salt
Adaptive immune system
a kind of passive or active immunity in which antibodies to a particular antigen are present in the body
Antigen presenting cell (APC)
a cell that displays foreign antigens with major histocompatibility complexes on their surface
B cells
lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigens
Complement
the group of proteins in blood serum and plasma that works with antibodies to destroy particulate antigens
Dendritic cell
antigen- presenting cells that process antigen material and present it to T cells
immunoglobin AKA
antibody
`innate immune system
a collection of nonspecific barriers and cellular responses that serve as an inborn first and second line of defense against pathogens
macrophage
a large white blood cell that ingests foreign material
phagocytosis
ingestion of particles by a cell or phagocyte
plasma cell
a white blood cell that produces a single type of antibody
T cell
While blood cells that mature in the thymus and participate in immune response
What do bones synthesize?
blood and immune cells
What do bones store?
calcium, phosphate and lipids
Definition of bone
hard, calcified material that makes up the skeleton
Brittle bone disease
group of diseases that affect collagen and result in fragile bones
canaliculi
microscoping canals in ossified bone
Cartilage
tough, elastic connective tissue found in parts of the body such as the ear
collagen
the primary structural protein of connective tissue
Haversian canal
channels in bone that contain blood vessels and nerves
Lamellae
layers of bone, tissue or cell walls
Osteoarthritis
degenerative joint disease
Osteoblasts
cells that make bone
Osteoclasts
cells that break down bone
Osteocytes
Bone cells
Long bones
long compact hollow shafts containing marrow. The ends are made of spongy bone with air shafts
Examples of long bones
humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia and fibula
Short bones
wider than they are long
Example of short bones
tarsus bones of foot and carpal bones in the hand
Flat bones
not hollow but contain marrow
EX of flat bones
scapula, sternum and ribs
What are irregular bones and their examples
they are non symmetrical shapes…..ex: skull, knee, elbow
Tendons
Connect bone and muscle
Ligaments
connect bone to bone
Which bone in the body is the only bone that is not connected to other bones?
hyoid bone
What are the articulating surfaces of bones covered with?
hyaline cartilage
What are examples of synovial joints?
pivot, ball-and-socket, hinge
What is bone covered by?
periosteum
Bone is synthesized in tubular structures called….
osteons
What are osteons composed of?
calcium and phosphate-rich hydroxyapatite embedded in collagen matrix
Osteoporosis
a disease that causes brittle, fragile bones
Osteons
cylindrical structures that comprise compact bone
Rheumatoid arthritis
a progressive disease that causes joint inflammation and pain
Volkmann channel
Channels in bone that transmit blood vessels and communicate with Haversian canals
What are macromolecules?
polymers joined together by covalent bonds between monomeric units
How are the covalent bonds between monomeric units formed?
dehydration or condensation synthesis
How can polymers be broken down?
hydrolysis
What are the four types of macromolecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
Monosaccharides join together to make….
disaccharides
carbohydrate functions
structural functions (chitin, cellulose), energy storage (amylose, amylopectin, and glycogen), recognition molecules (glycoproteins, glycolipids)
What are lipids composed of?
hydrogen and carbon
T or F lipids are hydrophilic
FALSE. they are hydrophobic
lipid function
energy storage
What is the monomer of protein?
amino acids
What bond are amino acids linked by?
peptide bonds
What are enzymes?
catalyze biochemical reactions with being consumed during the reaction
How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?
lowering the energy needed for a reaction
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
RNA and DNA
What is DNA?
A double stranded helix that stores genetic information
What is DNA composed of?
Deoxyribonucleic acid, one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine), and a phosphate group
What is RNA composed of?
ribose sugar, a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil) and it is typically single stranded
RNA function
converts the information stored in DNA into the proteins that are encoded by genes
What is messenger RNA?
Copies of genetic information contained in DNA that is carried to ribosomes where catalytic ribosomal RNA molecules and transfer RNAs work together to make a functional protein
