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Science terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical Position

A

standard positioning of the body standing; feet together; arms to side; with head, eyes and palms facing forward

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2
Q

cells

A

the basic unit of life

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3
Q

cellular functions

A

processes that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein synthesis, and movement

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4
Q

directional terminology

A

words used to explain relationships of location of anatomical elements

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5
Q

organ systems

A

functional groups of the body that work together

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6
Q

organelle

A

a specialized part of the cell that has a specific function

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7
Q

organ

A

a self-contained part of a cell that has a specific function

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8
Q

reference planes

A

planes dividing the body to describe locations

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9
Q

tissue

A

a group of cells working together as a unit

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10
Q

Ribosomes carry out….

A

protein synthesis

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11
Q

the Golgi apparatus (function)

A

modifies and packages proteins

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12
Q

function of mitochondria

A

convert energy in chemical bonds into food accessible to the cell

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13
Q

nucleus (function)

A

stores and processes instructions contained in the DNA that tells the cell what its functions are

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14
Q

Glands that secrete proteins have a large amount of which two organelles?

A

Rough ER and and Golgi apparatus

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15
Q

Which organelle does a muscle cell have a lot of?

A

Mitochondria

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16
Q

Example of a cell that functions autonomously

A

Phagocytic white blood cells

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17
Q

How do nerves transmit impulses?

A

Electrically

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18
Q

Coronal/ frontal plane

A

front/back division

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19
Q

transverse/ cross-sectional

A

top/bottom division

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20
Q

sagittal/ median

A

left/right division

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21
Q

superior

A

above

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22
Q

inferior

A

below

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23
Q

anterior

A

front

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24
Q

posterior

A

back

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25
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

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26
Q

Medial

A

toward midline

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27
Q

proximal

A

closer to attached limb

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28
Q

Distal

A

away from attached limb

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29
Q

Alveoli

A

tiny air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place

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30
Q

asthma

A

a lung disease characterized by inflamed, narrowed airways, and difficulty breathing

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31
Q

bronchi

A

the main passageways directly attached to the lungs

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32
Q

bronchioles

A

small passages in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli

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33
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and other organs, characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing up sputum, and lung infections

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34
Q

perfusion

A

the passage of fluids to an organ or a tissue

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35
Q

pleura

A

a membrane around the lungs and inside the chest cavity

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36
Q

surfactant

A

a fluid secreted by alveoli and found in the lungs

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37
Q

tidal volume

A

the amount of air breathed in a normal inhalation or exhalation

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38
Q

trachea

A

the windpipe, which connects the larynx to the lungs

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39
Q

ventilation

A

the movement of air in and out of the body via inhalation and exhalation

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40
Q

respiratory system main functions

A

transporting O2 from the atmosphere into the body’s cells and moving CO2 out of the body

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41
Q

why is the respiratory system unique?

A

it is constructed to maximize surface area for the exchange of gasses

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42
Q

What other system works closely with the respiratory system?

A

circulatory system

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43
Q

Passage of air in the respiratory system

A

nose or mouth –> trachea –> bronchi and bronchioles –> lungs

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44
Q

Which lung is bigger? right or left?

A

right (the right lung has three segments [lobes], the left has 2)

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45
Q

How does gas exchange in the lungs occur?

A

diffusion

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46
Q

The rate of diffusion in the lungs is directly proportion to what two things?

A

surface area and the concentration gradient

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47
Q

O2 in the lungs move into ___ and CO2 in the lungs moves into _____. The CO2 is then ___.

A

blood, lungs, exhaled

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48
Q

The ___ and the ____ contract to decrease the volume of the lungs, decreasing pressure in the ___.

A

Diapgragm, intercostals of the ribs, lungs

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49
Q

The Diaphragm and intercostals ____ causing a reduction in lung volume and increasing pressure.

A

relax

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50
Q

Which part of the brain stem controls breathing?

A

Medulla oblongata

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51
Q

How does the medulla oblongata control respiration?

A

monitoring CO2 levels and blood pH

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52
Q

How does high altitude affect lung function?

A

depresses lung function due to lower O2 levels

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53
Q

How do pollen, chemicals and smoke affect the lung?

A

it damages the cilia or causes emphysema, allergies and inflammation

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54
Q

Definition of cardiovascular system

A

movement of blood and lymph around the body, which permit nutrient distribution, waste removal, communication and protection

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55
Q

What does the circulatory system transport?

A

nutrients, waste, chemical messengers and immune molecules

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56
Q

Parts of closed circulatory system

A
  1. thick-walled arteries (transport blood from heart)
  2. thin-walled veins (transport blood to heart)
  3. capillaries (connect arteries and veins to tissues)
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57
Q

Describe the open lymphatic system

A

circulates and filters interstitial fluid between cells and eventually drains into the circulatory system

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58
Q

What does the pulmonary loop do?

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium

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59
Q

What does the systemic loop do?

A

carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body, returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

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60
Q

Path of blood flow through the heart

A

superior and inferior vena cava –> right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary arteries –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> left ventricle –> aorta –> body

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61
Q

Cardiac muscle properties (5)

A
  • striated
  • smaller than skeletal muscle
  • branched
  • aerobic
  • connected by gap junctions
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62
Q

What is systole?

A

contraction of heart muscles

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63
Q

What is diastole?

A

relaxation of heart muscles

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64
Q

What causes the “Lub” sound in the heart?

A

atrioventricular valves closing

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65
Q

What causes the “dub” sound?

A

semilunar valves closing

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66
Q

What controls the electrical impulses of the heart?

A

SA (sinoatrial) node

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67
Q

Why do arteries have thick walls?

A

to withstand the pressure of blood pumped by the heart

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68
Q

Where is CO2 dissolved into and where is it released from?

A

the plasma and released by the lungs

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69
Q

function of leukocytes

A

immunity; they are WBC

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70
Q

Neutrophils

A

phagocytize foreign material, can leave blood to the tissue

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71
Q

When are neutrophils increased?

A

bacterial, fungal infection

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72
Q

Eosinophils

A

phagocytic, function in parasitic infections

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73
Q

When are eosinophils increased?

A

parasitic infections, and those with severe allergies

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74
Q

Basophils

A

allergy resposne

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75
Q

when are basophils increased?

A

Allergic response

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76
Q

Monocytes

A

can migrate into tissue and become macrophages, also Major antigen presenting cells

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77
Q

When are monocytes increased?

A

during viral infections

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78
Q

T cells function

A

cell-mediated immunity

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79
Q

B cells function

A

antibody production

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80
Q

NK cells function

A

nonspecific, kills foreign and infected cells

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81
Q

when are lymphocytes increased?

A

viral infections

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82
Q

Hemoglobin

A

the protein in RBC that carries O2 from the lungs to the rest of the body

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83
Q

Lymph

A

clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease

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84
Q

Plasma

A

the pale yellow component of blood that carries RBC, WBC and platelets throughout the body

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85
Q

The gastrointestinal system starts at the ____ and ends at the ____.

A

Mouth, anus

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86
Q

After food is ingested, what kind of breakdown occurs?

A

mechanical due to chewing and grinding of teeth

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87
Q

What is released to start chemical digestion in the mouth?

A

amylase (starch) and lipase (lipids)

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88
Q

When food is packed into small parcels it is then called ____.

A

bolus

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89
Q

What closes the tracheal opening when the bolus is going down the throat?

A

epiglottis

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90
Q

What prevents gastric reflux when food has entered the stomach?

A

gastric sphincter

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91
Q

When is chemical digestion initiated in the stomach?

A

when pepsin is involved, which is activated by acid and autocatalysis

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92
Q

what are the three main secretions in the stomach?

A

pepsinogen (chief cells), mucus (goblet cells) and hydrochloric acid (parietal cells)

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93
Q

Following digestion in the stomach, food passes through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum. What is the bolus now called?

A

Chyme

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94
Q

in the duodenum, chyme is neutralized by bicarbonate. What neutralizes it?

A

Bile

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95
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A

it is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder

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96
Q

Villi and microvilli in the small intestine absorb what?

A

nutrients, proteases, lactase and vitamin B12

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97
Q

From the small intestine, blood carrying nutrients pass through the hepatic portal duct. What does this allow the liver to do?

A

dominate amino acids, convert ammonia to urea, metabolize toxins, and store glucose and glycogen

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98
Q

What protects the cecum?

A

vermiform appendix

99
Q

What vitamin is absorbed in the large intestine?

A

vitamin K

100
Q

What hormone induces hunger?

A

Gherlin

101
Q

What hormone tells you you are satisfied with food?

A

leptin

102
Q

Parietal cells (function)

A
  • denatures food and kills microbes

- activates pepsinogen

103
Q

Chief cells (function)

A

secretes pepsinogen (digests proteins)

104
Q

Enteroendocrine cells (gastrin) function

A

secretes gastrin which relaxes the pyloric sphincter and stimulates production of stomach acids and enzymes

105
Q

Pertistalsis

A

a series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

106
Q

Where does the Sensory (afferent) nerves send their message?

A

sends to the central nervous system

107
Q

Where does the Motor (efferent) nerves send their message?

A

sends to the muscles

108
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

it controls involuntary actions involving cardiac muscle and smooth muscle, such as heart rhythm, digestion, and breathing

109
Q

What does voluntary control of muscles do ?

A

make skeletal muscles do deliberate action such as walking, throwing, or typing

110
Q

What do muscle cells contain?

A

long myofibrils made of sarcomere (smallest functional unit of a muscle fiber) units

111
Q

What do myofibrils contain?

A

contractile filaments called actin (thin filament) and myosin (thick filament) which are proteins

112
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates unconscious body functions such as breathing and heart rate

113
Q

axon

A

nerve fiber that carries a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body

114
Q

How does the skeletal muscles work

A

First, the nervous system sends a signal to a muscle, actin and myosin proteins in the muscle slide past each other, creating either a contraction or relaxation of the muscle

115
Q

synapse

A

structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands

116
Q 
which of the following actions is controlled by the autonomic nervous system? 
A- walking
B- chewing
C- heart beating
D- talking
A

C- heart beating

117
Q 
which of the following processes best describes how a signal travels across a nerve synapse?
A- electrical 
B- kinetic 
C- potential 
D- chemical
A

D- chemical

118
Q 
what is the primary component of muscles?
A- fat 
B- protein 
C- carbohydrates
D- nucleic acid
A

B- protein

119
Q

What does the male reproductive system generate?

A

male gametes (sperm = spermatozoa)

120
Q

What does the female reproductive system generate

A

female gametes (eggs = ova) and incubates the fetus during pregnancy

121
Q

What are gametes

A

haploid reproductive (germ) cells

122
Q

what is the cervix

A

passage that forms the lower part of the uterus

123
Q

what is estrogen

A

female sex hormones

124
Q

what are the fallopian tubes

A

tubes that carry eggs from ovaries to the uterus

125
Q

what are the ovaries

A

organ in which eggs are produced for reproduction and secrete estrogen and progesterone

126
Q

what is the prostate gland

A

gland in males that controls the release of urine and secretes a milky white fluid thats part of semen that enhances motility and fertility of sperm

127
Q

what is the scrotum

A

pouch of skin that contains the testicles,which houses them away from the body and keeps the testes at proper temperature for spermatogenesis

128
Q

what are the testes

A

organs that produce sperm

129
Q

what is the penis

A

eliminate urine and sperm, contains the urethra

130
Q

what is testosterone

A

hormone that stimulates male secondary sex characteristics

131
Q

what is the urethra

A

tube that connects the bladder to the exterior of the body

132
Q

what hormones are associated with the male reproductive system

A

follicle stimulating hormone- stimulates spermatogenesis
luteinizing hormone- stimulates testosterone production
testosterone- male sex characteristics

133
Q

what are the internal structures of the male reproductive system

A
  • epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • ejaculatory ducts
  • urethra
  • prostate gland and seminal vesicles ( produce the fluids necessary for lubricating and nourishing the sperm)
  • bulbourethral duct
134
Q

what are the external structures of the male reproductive system

A
  • penis
  • scrotum
  • testes
135
Q

what does the epididymis do

A

stores sperm as it matures

136
Q

where does the mature sperm move

A

from epididymis to the Vas Deferens to the ejaculatory duct

137
Q

what do the seminal vesicles secrete

A

alkaline fluids with proteins and mucus into the ejaculatory duct

138
Q

what does the bulbourethral, or Cowper’s, gland secrete?

A

secrete a fluid into the urethra to neutralize the acidity in the urethra

139
Q

In females, what is the response to changing hormone levels?

A

the follicle in the ovary matures and releases an egg that then travels down the fallopian tubes to the uterus

140
Q

In the female reproductive system where does fertilization occur?

A

fallopian tubes

141
Q

In the female reproductive system where does the fertilized egg embed itself

A

uterine wall (endometrium) and produces the placenta (nourishes the fetus and removes waste)

142
Q

In the female reproductive system what is the corpus luteum

A

empty Graafian follicle and produces large amounts of progesterone to prepare endometrium for implantation of the fertilized egg

143
Q

In the female reproductive system what happens if the egg is not implanted

A

the uterine lining sheds

144
Q

In the female reproductive system the cycle of maturation and shedding of the endometrium is called

A

the menstrual cycle

145
Q

In the female reproductive system where is estrogen produced and what does it cause

A

produced in the ovaries and causes the egg to mature in the ovary’s graafian follicle and uterine endometrium to thicken

146
Q

In the female reproductive system what hormone is released from the pituitary gland? and what does it cause?

A

luteinizing hormone and causes the developing egg to to be released

147
Q

Which of the following organs produces sperm?

A-Penis
B- testes
C- Prostate
D- Vas deferens

A

B

148
Q 
Which of the following connects the ovaries and uterus?
A-Vagina
B-Cervix
C- Vas deferens
D- Fallopian tubes
A

D

149
Q

In which of the following organs is estrogen primarily made?

A- Testicles
B- Uterus
C- Scrotum
D- Ovaries

A

D

150
Q

Dermis

A

the middle layer of skin

151
Q

Epiderimis

A

the outer layer of skin

152
Q

Subcutaneous

A

under the dermis

153
Q

What is excreted by the sudoiferous glands?

A

water, sodium, chloride and magnesium

154
Q

Sweat can contain what three things?

A

urea, lactic acid and alcohol

155
Q

What happens to the blood vessels on the skin when the body is warm?

A

They dilate

156
Q

What happens to the blood vessels on the skin when the body is cold?

A

They constrict

157
Q 
Which of the following is the outermost layer of the skin?
A- Dermis
B- Suboriferous
C- Sebaceous
D- Epidermis
A

D

158
Q 
Which of the following is not excreted through the integumentary system?
A- Alcohol
B- MInerals
C- BLood
D- Urea
A

C

159
Q 
Which of the following mechanisms is used when the body becomes too cold?
A- blood vessel dilation
B- Sweating
C-blood vessel constriction 
D- Vitamin D production
A

C

160
Q

Where do the endocrine system and nervous system integrate?

A

Hypothalamus

161
Q

Explain the relationship between the endocrine and nervous system?

A

The nervous system receives signal from the sensory system and uses electrical impulses to send signals to the hypothalamus to activate the pituitary. The pituitary then sends releasing hormones to other glands in the body that controls their hormone production. Hormones are made directly at that gland and released into the circulatory system and are received by the target cell or organ.

162
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Gland above the kidney that produces hormones to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and other functions

163
Q

Hormone definition

A

chemical messenger produced by a gland and transported by the blood stream that regulates specific processes in the body

164
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

An endocrine gland in the neck that produces thyroid hormone (regulates calcium levels)

165
Q

Pineal gland

A

a small gland near the center of the brain that secretes melatonin (regulates sleep cycles [circadian rhythms])

166
Q

Thymus

A

the lymphoid organ that produces T-cells

167
Q

Thyroid gland

A

the gland in the neck that secretes hormones that regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate

168
Q 
Which of the following describes the signal employed by the endocrine system?
A-Electrical
B-Chemical
C-Physical 
D-Audio-visual
A

B

169
Q 
Which of the following is not a gland in the endocrine system?
A-Pineal
B-Pancreas
C-Lung
D-Ovary
A

C

170
Q

What is the genitourinary system composed of?

A

kidneys, ureters, urethra, and bladder

171
Q

Kidneys manufacture _____, which travels through the ____ to the _____ where it is stored until secretion through the ___.

A

Urine, ureters, bladder, urethra

172
Q

In males the urethra not only carries urine. It also carries what?

A

Sperm

173
Q

What are the five functions of the kidneys?

A

filtering blood, creating urine, stabilizing water balance, maintaining blood pressure and producing the active form of vitamin D

174
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

175
Q

What are the two major regions of the kidney?

A

Medulla and Cortex

176
Q

What part of the nephron filters blood?

A

Glomerulus

177
Q

Which artery does the cardiovascular system pump blood into the kidneys from?

A

renal artery

178
Q

What hormone do the kidneys produce that regulates BP by retaining or removing water and salt?

A

Renin

179
Q

How much liquid can the bladder hold?

A

400-800 mL

180
Q

Renal cortex

A

outer layer of kidney

181
Q

Renal medulla

A

inner layer of kidney

182
Q

How does the immune system prevent pathogens from entering the body?

A

With the skin and secretions from the skin such as acid, enzymes and salt

183
Q

Adaptive immune system

A

a kind of passive or active immunity in which antibodies to a particular antigen are present in the body

184
Q

Antigen presenting cell (APC)

A

a cell that displays foreign antigens with major histocompatibility complexes on their surface

185
Q

B cells

A

lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigens

186
Q

Complement

A

the group of proteins in blood serum and plasma that works with antibodies to destroy particulate antigens

187
Q

Dendritic cell

A

antigen- presenting cells that process antigen material and present it to T cells

188
Q

immunoglobin AKA

A

antibody

189
Q

`innate immune system

A

a collection of nonspecific barriers and cellular responses that serve as an inborn first and second line of defense against pathogens

190
Q

macrophage

A

a large white blood cell that ingests foreign material

191
Q

phagocytosis

A

ingestion of particles by a cell or phagocyte

192
Q

plasma cell

A

a white blood cell that produces a single type of antibody

193
Q

T cell

A

While blood cells that mature in the thymus and participate in immune response

194
Q

What do bones synthesize?

A

blood and immune cells

195
Q

What do bones store?

A

calcium, phosphate and lipids

196
Q

Definition of bone

A

hard, calcified material that makes up the skeleton

197
Q

Brittle bone disease

A

group of diseases that affect collagen and result in fragile bones

198
Q

canaliculi

A

microscoping canals in ossified bone

199
Q

Cartilage

A

tough, elastic connective tissue found in parts of the body such as the ear

200
Q

collagen

A

the primary structural protein of connective tissue

201
Q

Haversian canal

A

channels in bone that contain blood vessels and nerves

202
Q

Lamellae

A

layers of bone, tissue or cell walls

203
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

degenerative joint disease

204
Q

Osteoblasts

A

cells that make bone

205
Q

Osteoclasts

A

cells that break down bone

206
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone cells

207
Q

Long bones

A

long compact hollow shafts containing marrow. The ends are made of spongy bone with air shafts

208
Q

Examples of long bones

A

humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia and fibula

209
Q

Short bones

A

wider than they are long

210
Q

Example of short bones

A

tarsus bones of foot and carpal bones in the hand

211
Q

Flat bones

A

not hollow but contain marrow

212
Q

EX of flat bones

A

scapula, sternum and ribs

213
Q

What are irregular bones and their examples

A

they are non symmetrical shapes…..ex: skull, knee, elbow

214
Q

Tendons

A

Connect bone and muscle

215
Q

Ligaments

A

connect bone to bone

216
Q

Which bone in the body is the only bone that is not connected to other bones?

A

hyoid bone

217
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of bones covered with?

A

hyaline cartilage

218
Q

What are examples of synovial joints?

A

pivot, ball-and-socket, hinge

219
Q

What is bone covered by?

A

periosteum

220
Q

Bone is synthesized in tubular structures called….

A

osteons

221
Q

What are osteons composed of?

A

calcium and phosphate-rich hydroxyapatite embedded in collagen matrix

222
Q

Osteoporosis

A

a disease that causes brittle, fragile bones

223
Q

Osteons

A

cylindrical structures that comprise compact bone

224
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

a progressive disease that causes joint inflammation and pain

225
Q

Volkmann channel

A

Channels in bone that transmit blood vessels and communicate with Haversian canals

226
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

polymers joined together by covalent bonds between monomeric units

227
Q

How are the covalent bonds between monomeric units formed?

A

dehydration or condensation synthesis

228
Q

How can polymers be broken down?

A

hydrolysis

229
Q

What are the four types of macromolecules?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

230
Q

Monosaccharides join together to make….

A

disaccharides

231
Q

carbohydrate functions

A

structural functions (chitin, cellulose), energy storage (amylose, amylopectin, and glycogen), recognition molecules (glycoproteins, glycolipids)

232
Q

What are lipids composed of?

A

hydrogen and carbon

233
Q

T or F lipids are hydrophilic

A

FALSE. they are hydrophobic

234
Q

lipid function

A

energy storage

235
Q

What is the monomer of protein?

A

amino acids

236
Q

What bond are amino acids linked by?

A

peptide bonds

237
Q

What are enzymes?

A

catalyze biochemical reactions with being consumed during the reaction

238
Q

How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?

A

lowering the energy needed for a reaction

239
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

RNA and DNA

240
Q

What is DNA?

A

A double stranded helix that stores genetic information

241
Q

What is DNA composed of?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine), and a phosphate group

242
Q

What is RNA composed of?

A

ribose sugar, a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil) and it is typically single stranded

243
Q

RNA function

A

converts the information stored in DNA into the proteins that are encoded by genes

244
Q

What is messenger RNA?

A

Copies of genetic information contained in DNA that is carried to ribosomes where catalytic ribosomal RNA molecules and transfer RNAs work together to make a functional protein

TEAS (2 decks)

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