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WSC 2024 > Science & Technology: Lost and Font > Flashcards

Science & Technology: Lost and Font Flashcards

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1
Q

Books were only a luxury for high class until…

A

Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press

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2
Q

The printing press was invented in

A

15th century

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3
Q

What inspired the invention of the printing press?

A

Screw- Type presses in East Asia

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4
Q

Gutenberg created the first ever font, inspired by Blackletter calligraphy used in manuscripts. What were its downsides?

A

limited text per page and a single font type constraint.

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5
Q

Nicolas Jenson

A

created a smaller & easier font based on typographic styles

1470

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6
Q

Aldus Manutius & Francesco Griffo

A

pioneered the italic typeform

saving space in books.

1501

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7
Q

What is the purpose & limitation of italics?

A

poor readability, used for emphasis

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8
Q

William Calson

A

created Old Style

improving letter distinguishability and readability

1734

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9
Q

John Baskerville

A

developed transitional typefaces with distinct letters

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10
Q

limitations and improvements of transitional typefaces

A

developments in ink, type, and printing

criticized for darkness and unorthodox (unconventional) appearance

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11
Q

Baskerville’s fonts reviving

A

it experienced a commercial failure in the 18th century

revived in the 1900’s

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12
Q

Firmin Didot & Giambattista Bodoni

A

created serif fonts

1780’s

suitable for headlines and titles

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13
Q

Antique - VIncent Figgins

A

first slab serif template

1815

indents & emphasis details

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14
Q

William Calson IV - “Calson Egyptian”

A

1816

followed with the sans- serif revolution

influenced by block lettering from classical antiquity

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15
Q

egyptomania (the Western world’s obsession over Egypt) in fonts

A

supported the font design era inspired by egyptian writing

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16
Q

Fredric Goudy

A

first full time font developer in 1920’s

created copperplate gothic & goudy old style

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17
Q

fonts from 1957

A

Helvetica, Futura, Optima

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18
Q

Digi Grotesk

A

1968

digital age

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19
Q

Vector (smooth) fonts

A

1974

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20
Q

Truetype fonts

A

1980’s

easily accessible to computers and printers

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21
Q

CSS in 1997

A

incorporated the first font styling rules

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22
Q

Internet Explorer in 1997

A

supported web fonts

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23
Q

The Web Open Font Format (WOFF) in 2009

A

led to widespread use of Web fonts by 2011

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24
Q

variable fonts in 2016

A

part of the OpenType standard

more efficient in size

smaller file sizes

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25
challenges in modern fonts
lack of global language fonts limits in color fonts, despite OpenType SVG format allowing such creativity
26
Microsoft initial font
Calibri, default for Word and Outlook
27
Microsoft font change
5 potential candidates tested in 2021 --> original name = Bierstadt --> fixed name = Aptos
28
impact of Microsoft's font change
accompanied the renewal of Microsoft's 365 subscriptions shows the company's commitment to refreshing its appearance
29
Microsoft font change - reason
survey asking if the public would appreciate the change core reason = CEO changing from Steve Ballmer to Satya Nadella
30
Microsoft font change - announce date & manager's name
2023 Si Daniels
31
development of Aptos - date
began in 2019
32
development of Aptos - designer
Steve Matteson contributed to the creation of Segoe font (used in Microsoft's logo and marketing)
33
origin of the name "Bierstadt"
tribute to a mountain in Colorado initially named "Grotesque No. 2"
34
origin of the name "Aptos"
tribute to a town in Santa Cruz inspired by the coastal climate and feelings of California
35
what details of Aptos did Matteson work on?
adapting for various languages crafting monetary symbols incorporating Greek and Cyrillic letters
36
Aptos' greatest ability
clear difference between uppercase "I" and lowercase "l"
37
London Underground - initial font
font by calligrapher Edward Johnston 1916
38
London Underground - updated font
Johnston100 2016 by Transport for London (TfL)
39
London Underground - differences
modern symbols such as @ or # introduced very subtle changes
40
London Underground in terms of adaptation
new style aims for a 21st century adaptation contains the "soul of the 2000's" while being relevant to the modern era
41
Jon Hunter
Head of TfL design states that hashtags were a necessary addition due to the rise of social media
42
US department of state - initial font
Times new roman
43
US department of state - updated font
Calibri (for better accessibility)
44
Deadline & communicating method for this change
Feb 6 2023 Secretary of State Antony Blinken communicated this change via email.
45
what criticism did Calibri receive?
employees thought it was "ugly" -> perhaps shows that people have different opinions on fonts
46
What was the "previous" change on the US department of State's official font?
Courier New 12 was used before Times New Roman
47
Disadvantages of Times new roman
its angular features pose challenges for those with: - Optical Character Recognition (OCR) tools - screen readers - learning impairments
48
Who is Thomas Phinney?
A font detective used to work as a product manager of Adobe's system font groups
49
What does Thomas Phinney use for his job as a font detective?
Digital microscope pixel counting
50
What was Thomas Phinney's first case?
"The Case of the Wicked Will" the printer used for the document did not exist for the suggested date
51
"The Reprehensible Rabbi"
involved uncovering a font mismatch
52
two categories of forensic cases (Thomas Phinney)
Nefarious (involving ill- intent forgeries) "Stupidly Tiny"
53
Which British supermarket has recently removed self-checkout systems?
Booths (from all but two of their stores)
54
Nigel Murray's criticism about self-checkout systems
inefficient and untrustworthy - slow processing -misidentification of products
55
self checkout - creation date & purpose
1980's reducing labor costs
56
major issue of self checkout
shoplifting ("shrink")
57
origin of barcodes (place)
Troy, Miami County, Ohio
58
first shopper to use barcodes
Clyde Dawson
59
first cashier to use barcodes
Sharon Buchanan
60
creator of barcodes
Joe Woodland
61
what inspired barcodes?
Woodland was drawing with his fingers on the sand at Miami Beach Morse codes
62
barcode lasers - creation date
1960 (in California)
63
barcode lasers - creator & initial purpose
Theodore Maiman welding, cutting, medical surgery
64
modern barcodes & barcodes back then - differences
old - circular bullseye barcode modern - rectangular barcode
65
first automated checkstands - place & date
Kroger Kenwood Plaza, Cincinnati July 1972
66
What was created to make barcodes universal?
the Ad Hoc Committee of the Universal Product Identification Code
67
How many U.S companies submitted systems to the Ad Hoc Committee?
7
68
what company employed Woodland?
IBM
69
who created the version used by IBM?
George Laurer
70
when did the Symbol Selection Committee vote for the rectangular barcode?
1973
71
what recognition did Woodland receive?
recognition from George HW Bush (1992) National Medal of Technology
72
What system does Amazon Go use?
"Just Walk Out" concept technology inspired by self driving cars and other advanced tech
73
three features of "Just Walk Out"
computer vision sensor fusion deep learning
74
Anne Thériault's complains about QR code menus
traditional menus offer unique literary qualities and soulful experiences (texture, weight, etc) QR code menus lack physicality
75
rise of QR codes - date and place
1994
76
Conor Friedersdorf's argument FOR paper menus
they also serve as historical documents
77
New York Public Library's "What's on the Menu?" project
preserving and organizing over 45,000 menus from the 1840's.
78
L. Sasha Gora's argument FOR paper menus
menus are archival traces of diets and demand reflects changes in ingredients -> indicates extinction of a species (such as the passenger pigeon
79
What did restaurants do despite the extinction of passenger pigeons?
they continued to offer passenger pigeon pies shows the perception of abundance that contradicts reality
80
why were the "ladies" menu without prices abolished
a Californian woman threatened the restaurant on discrimination
81
how do menus reveal societal norms and expectations?
some wordings on the menu may be gender-oriented (example - Dirty Brunch & Clean Brunch)

WSC 2024 (4 decks)

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