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wsc 2024 > Science & Technology: Lost and Font > Flashcards

Science & Technology: Lost and Font Flashcards

updates might be a bit slow!!

1
Q

Books were only a luxury for high class until…

A

Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press

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2
Q

The printing press was invented in

A

15th century

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3
Q

What inspired the invention of the printing press?

A

Screw- Type presses in East Asia

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4
Q

Gutenberg created the first ever font, inspired by Blackletter calligraphy used in manuscripts. What were its downsides?

A

limited text per page and a single font type constraint.

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5
Q

Nicolas Jenson

A

created a smaller & easier font based on typographic styles

1470

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6
Q

Aldus Manutius & Francesco Griffo

A

pioneered the italic typeform

saving space in books.

1501

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7
Q

What is the purpose & limitation of italics?

A

poor readability, used for emphasis

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8
Q

William Calson

A

created Old Style

improving letter distinguishability and readability

1734

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9
Q

John Baskerville

A

developed transitional typefaces with distinct letters

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10
Q

limitations and improvements of transitional typefaces

A

developments in ink, type, and printing

criticized for darkness and unorthodox (unconventional) appearance

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11
Q

Baskerville’s fonts reviving

A

it experienced a commercial failure in the 18th century

revived in the 1900’s

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12
Q

Firmin Didot & Giambattista Bodoni

A

created serif fonts

1780’s

suitable for headlines and titles

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13
Q

Antique - VIncent Figgins

A

first slab serif template

1815

indents & emphasis details

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14
Q

William Calson IV - “Calson Egyptian”

A

1816

followed with the sans- serif revolution

influenced by block lettering from classical antiquity

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15
Q

egyptomania (the Western world’s obsession over Egypt) in fonts

A

supported the font design era inspired by egyptian writing

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16
Q

Fredric Goudy

A

first full time font developer in 1920’s

created copperplate gothic & goudy old style

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17
Q

fonts from 1957

A

Helvetica, Futura, Optima

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18
Q

Digi Grotesk

A

1968

digital age

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19
Q

Vector (smooth) fonts

A

1974

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20
Q

Truetype fonts

A

1980’s

easily accessible to computers and printers

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21
Q

CSS in 1997

A

incorporated the first font styling rules

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22
Q

Internet Explorer in 1997

A

supported web fonts

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23
Q

The Web Open Font Format (WOFF) in 2009

A

led to widespread use of Web fonts by 2011

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24
Q

variable fonts in 2016

A

part of the OpenType standard

more efficient in size

smaller file sizes

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25
Q

challenges in modern fonts

A

lack of global language fonts

limits in color fonts, despite OpenType SVG format allowing such creativity

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26
Q

Microsoft initial font

A

Calibri, default for Word and Outlook

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27
Q

Microsoft font change

A

5 potential candidates tested in 2021

–> original name = Bierstadt
–> fixed name = Aptos

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28
Q

impact of Microsoft’s font change

A

accompanied the renewal of Microsoft’s 365 subscriptions

shows the company’s commitment to refreshing its appearance

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29
Q

Microsoft font change - reason

A

survey asking if the public would appreciate the change

core reason = CEO changing from Steve Ballmer to Satya Nadella

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30
Q

Microsoft font change - announce date & manager’s name

A

2023

Si Daniels

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31
Q

development of Aptos - date

A

began in 2019

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32
Q

development of Aptos - designer

A

Steve Matteson

contributed to the creation of Segoe font (used in Microsoft’s logo and marketing)

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33
Q

origin of the name “Bierstadt”

A

tribute to a mountain in Colorado

initially named “Grotesque No. 2”

34
Q

origin of the name “Aptos”

A

tribute to a town in Santa Cruz

inspired by the coastal climate and feelings of California

35
Q

what details of Aptos did Matteson work on?

A

adapting for various languages

crafting monetary symbols

incorporating Greek and Cyrillic letters

36
Q

Aptos’ greatest ability

A

clear difference between uppercase “I” and lowercase “l”

37
Q

London Underground - initial font

A

font by calligrapher Edward Johnston

1916

38
Q

London Underground - updated font

A

Johnston100

2016

by Transport for London (TfL)

39
Q

London Underground - differences

A

modern symbols such as @ or # introduced

very subtle changes

40
Q

London Underground in terms of adaptation

A

new style aims for a 21st century adaptation

contains the “soul of the 2000’s” while being relevant to the modern era

41
Q

Jon Hunter

A

Head of TfL design

states that hashtags were a necessary addition due to the rise of social media

42
Q

US department of state - initial font

A

Times new roman

43
Q

US department of state - updated font

A

Calibri (for better accessibility)

44
Q

Deadline & communicating method for this change

A

Feb 6 2023

Secretary of State Antony Blinken communicated this change via email.

45
Q

what criticism did Calibri receive?

A

employees thought it was “ugly” -> perhaps shows that people have different opinions on fonts

46
Q

What was the “previous” change on the US department of State’s official font?

A

Courier New 12 was used before Times New Roman

47
Q

Disadvantages of Times new roman

A

its angular features pose challenges for those with:

  • Optical Character Recognition (OCR) tools
  • screen readers
  • learning impairments
48
Q

Who is Thomas Phinney?

A

A font detective

used to work as a product manager of Adobe’s system font groups

49
Q

What does Thomas Phinney use for his job as a font detective?

A

Digital microscope

pixel counting

50
Q

What was Thomas Phinney’s first case?

A

“The Case of the Wicked Will”

the printer used for the document did not exist for the suggested date

51
Q

“The Reprehensible Rabbi”

A

involved uncovering a font mismatch

52
Q

two categories of forensic cases (Thomas Phinney)

A

Nefarious (involving ill- intent forgeries)

“Stupidly Tiny”

53
Q

Which British supermarket has recently removed self-checkout systems?

A

Booths

(from all but two of their stores)

54
Q

Nigel Murray’s criticism about self-checkout systems

A

inefficient and untrustworthy

  • slow processing
    -misidentification of products
55
Q

self checkout - creation date & purpose

A

1980’s

reducing labor costs

56
Q

major issue of self checkout

A

shoplifting (“shrink”)

57
Q

origin of barcodes (place)

A

Troy, Miami County, Ohio

58
Q

first shopper to use barcodes

A

Clyde Dawson

59
Q

first cashier to use barcodes

A

Sharon Buchanan

60
Q

creator of barcodes

A

Joe Woodland

61
Q

what inspired barcodes?

A

Woodland was drawing with his fingers on the sand at Miami Beach

Morse codes

62
Q

barcode lasers - creation date

A

1960 (in California)

63
Q

barcode lasers - creator & initial purpose

A

Theodore Maiman

welding, cutting, medical surgery

64
Q

modern barcodes & barcodes back then - differences

A

old - circular bullseye barcode

modern - rectangular barcode

65
Q

first automated checkstands - place & date

A

Kroger Kenwood Plaza, Cincinnati

July 1972

66
Q

What was created to make barcodes universal?

A

the Ad Hoc Committee of the Universal Product Identification Code

67
Q

How many U.S companies submitted systems to the Ad Hoc Committee?

A

7

68
Q

what company employed Woodland?

A

IBM

69
Q

who created the version used by IBM?

A

George Laurer

70
Q

when did the Symbol Selection Committee vote for the rectangular barcode?

A

1973

71
Q

what recognition did Woodland receive?

A

recognition from George HW Bush (1992)

National Medal of Technology

72
Q

What system does Amazon Go use?

A

“Just Walk Out” concept

technology inspired by self driving cars and other advanced tech

73
Q

three features of “Just Walk Out”

A

computer vision

sensor fusion

deep learning

74
Q

Anne Thériault’s complains about QR code menus

A

traditional menus offer unique literary qualities and soulful experiences (texture, weight, etc)

QR code menus lack physicality

75
Q

rise of QR codes - date and place

A

1994

76
Q

Conor Friedersdorf’s argument FOR paper menus

A

they also serve as historical documents

77
Q

New York Public Library’s “What’s on the Menu?” project

A

preserving and organizing over 45,000 menus from the 1840’s.

78
Q

L. Sasha Gora’s argument FOR paper menus

A

menus are archival traces of diets and demand

reflects changes in ingredients
-> indicates extinction of a species (such as the passenger pigeon

79
Q

What did restaurants do despite the extinction of passenger pigeons?

A

they continued to offer passenger pigeon pies

shows the perception of abundance that contradicts reality

80
Q

why were the “ladies” menu without prices abolished

A

a Californian woman threatened the restaurant on discrimination

81
Q

how do menus reveal societal norms and expectations?

A

some wordings on the menu may be gender-oriented

(example - Dirty Brunch & Clean Brunch)

wsc 2024 (4 decks)

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