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Academic Decathlon 2023-2024 > Science - Sensory and Motor Systems > Flashcards

Science - Sensory and Motor Systems Flashcards

The five senses--visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, and somatosensory--and the motor system.

1
Q

Cerebellar Deep Nuclei

A

Output of the cerebellum

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2
Q

Cerebellum

A

Part of brain hanging on the back for learning motor skills and integrating them with the senses

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3
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Regulates motivation; the movement of muscles from a standstill

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4
Q

Reticulospinal Tract

A

Ventromedial motor path that keeps the torso and legs upright

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5
Q

Tectospinal Tract

A

Ventromedial motor path that combines senses to give instinctual response to sudden light touch or sound

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6
Q

Vestibulospinal Tract

A

Ventromedial motor path for vestibular system in inner ear, to keep body balance

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7
Q

Rubrospinal Tract

A

Lateral less important cognitive motor path for muscle tone (keep muscles in place)

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8
Q

Corticospinal Tract

A

Lateral most important cognitive motor path for movement you think about

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9
Q

Premotor Cortex

A

Works with M1 and supplementary cortex to determine the muscles needed for a given movement

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10
Q

Primary Motor Cortex (M1)

A

Processor of voluntary movements

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11
Q

Muscle spindle

A

Proprioceptive element connected to myotatic reflex

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12
Q

Myotatic Reflex

A

Knee jerk reflex occuring on tap of knee tendon

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13
Q

Upper Motor Neurons

A

Synapses from brain to lower motor neuron

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14
Q

Lower Motor Neurons

A

Neurons that synapse onto muscles to control them

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15
Q

Sensory Homunculus

A

Overrepresentation of somatosensory neurons for certain parts of the body

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16
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1)

A

Somatosensory processing in the parietal lobe

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17
Q

Anterolateral Spinothalamic System

A

Path taken by pain and temperature to the brain

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18
Q

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscal (DCML) System

A

Path taken by touch and proprioception to the brain

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19
Q

Efferent Axons

A

Motor neuron axons

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20
Q

Afferent Axons

A

Sensory neuron axons

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21
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglions (DRG)

A

Bundles of sensory neuron somas

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22
Q

Congenital Analgesia

A

Hereditary insensitivity to pain

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23
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

Increased sensitivity in previously damaged tissue

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24
Q

Nociception

A

Neural processing of tissue damage

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25
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Unmyelinated free nerve endings for detecting temperature

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26
Q

Dermatomes

A

Sections of the spinal cord that correspond to areas of the body

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27
Q

Glabrous

A

Hair-less skin

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28
Q

Innervated

A

With a higher density of nerve endings

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29
Q

Merkel’s Discs

A

Detects shape and texture. Fire for the whole stimulus. In innervated skin.

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30
Q

Ruffini’s Endings

A

Detects skin stretch. Fire for the whole stimulus. In innervated skin.

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31
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

A

Detects low frequency vibration, flutter. Adapts to stimuli. Only in glabrous skin.

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32
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A

Detects deep vibration. Adapts to stimuli

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33
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Broad name of sensory receptors for touch, activated by physical stimuli

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34
Q

Sensory Transduction

A

Process of turning light, sound, touch on the skin into electrochemical signals

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35
Q

Proprioception

A

Sense of where your muscles, ligaments, and tendons are.

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36
Q

Vestibular System

A

Helps balance and to know where your body is in space

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37
Q

Somatosensation

A

All sensation from the skin; touch, vestibular, proprioception

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38
Q

Glomeruli

A

Spheres of matter in the olfactory bulb that represent a specific smell each

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39
Q

Cribriform Plate

A

Thin bone that olfactory axons penetrate to reach the olfactory bulb

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40
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

First synapse of olfactory axons, made up of 2000 glomeruli

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41
Q

Odorants

A

Particles in the air that bind to smell receptors

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42
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

Clump of cells that line the top and back of nasal cavity

43
Q

Primary Gustatory Cortex

A

Taste processing center of the brain

44
Q

Tastants

A

Particles of food that bind to taste buds

45
Q

Papillae

A

The bumps on the tongue. Contain taste buds

46
Q

Umami

A

“Savory” taste. Detects protein-packed foods.

47
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex (A1)

A

Auditory processing. Output to language processing.

48
Q

Medial Geniculate Nucleus

A

Input from colliculus, output to A1. Similar to LGN.

49
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

Where auditory data converges after taking many different routes

50
Q

Outer Hair Cells

A

Amplifies/dampens the inner hair cells

51
Q

Tectorial Membrane

A

Rigid platform that stereocilia attach to. In the scala media.

52
Q

Stereocilia

A

Bends with movement of inner ear fluid. When bent, ions enter and depolarize. Attached to inner hair cells

53
Q

Inner Hair Cells

A

Cells that send auditory signals to the brain, part of organ of Corti.

54
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Sits on the basilar membrane, moves with fluid, does auditory transduction

55
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

Between the scala media and scala tympani in the cochlear, moves with fluid.

56
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

Transduces movement of the head, part of the vestibular system of somatosensation, part of inner ear.

57
Q

Cochlea

A

Snail-like fluid-filled shell where auditory transduction takes place, part of inner ear.

58
Q

Ossicles

A

Smallest bones in the body. Amplifies the pressure waves of sound, part of middle ear.

59
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

Converts pressure changes in the air into physical movements, AKA eardrum. Part of outer ear.

60
Q

Pinnae

A

Outer ear flaps, part of outer ear.

61
Q

Parallel Processing

A

When different types of stimuli are processed separately at the same time

62
Q

Prospagnosia

A

Type of visual agnosia, inability to remember faces.

63
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

When after damage to the temporal lobe, one cannot identify objects well.

64
Q

Ventral Extrastriate Pathway

A

Below V1, processes the “what” of visual information. Objects, faces, colors, etc.

65
Q

Akinetopsia

A

Motion blindness, sufferers see in shifting still frames

66
Q

Direction-selective neurons

A

Neurons that fire maximally for motion in one direction.

67
Q

Area MT

A

Part of dorsal pathway, sensitive to motion

68
Q

Dorsal Extrastriate Pathway

A

Above V1, processes the “where” of visual information. Depth perception, movement, etc.

69
Q

Extrastriate Cortex

A

The occipital lobe surrounding V1; Additional visual processing.

70
Q

Cortical Magnification

A

A disproportionate number of neurons process the center of the visual field than the peripheral

71
Q

Retinotopic Map

A

Map of the visual world, in LGN and V1; Neighboring retinal cells have corresponding neighboring neurons in the brain.

72
Q

Pyramidal Cells

A

Neurons in V1 with a long dendrite and long axon for long distance signals

73
Q

Primary Visual Cortex (V1)

A

Main visual processing, also called striate cortex.

74
Q

Monocular

A

When data from each eye is kept separate

75
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

A

Initial processing of visual input

76
Q

Binocular Vision

A

Area of the visual field seen by both eyes

77
Q

Decussate

A

When an axon crosses to the other side of the body.

78
Q

Optic Tract

A

Nerves from optic chiasm to the LGN

79
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

The point where the left side vision goes to the right side of the brain and vice versa (Decussates).

80
Q

Optic Nerve

A

The nerves from the eye to the optic chiasm

81
Q

Retinofugal Pathway

A

The main path for cognitive vision, from the eye to the thalamus and then the visual cortex

82
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A

The ability for excited neurons to inhibit its neighbors

83
Q

Horizontal Cells

A

Connects bipolar cells to far photoreceptors. Causes lateral inhibition

84
Q

Retinal Ganglion Cells

A

Bipolar cells synapse here. Then exits to the optic nerve

85
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Photoreceptors synapse here. Then synapses to the ganglion cells

86
Q

Absorption Spectra

A

Receptive range of eyes

87
Q

Trichromatic

A

The three cone system apes combine to detect different colors: red, blue, green

88
Q

Rhodopsin

A

Opsin in rods for low light

89
Q

Opsins

A

Pigments in the photoreceptors that absorb a certain range of light

90
Q

Cones

A

Photoreceptors that detect bright, colored light in the fovea

91
Q

Rods

A

Photoreceptors that detect low light, peripheral vision

92
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Neurons that transduce light

93
Q

Choroid

A

Brings oxygen and nutrients to the photoreceptors

94
Q

Pigmented Epithelium

A

Retinal support cells; absorbs excess light and cleans dead cells

95
Q

Fovea

A

Center of the retina with sharpest vision

96
Q

Retina

A

Sheet of neurons in the back of the eye that transduces light

97
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness; light focuses in front of the retina

98
Q

Visual Field

A

The area seen by the eye

99
Q

Lens

A

Inside the eye, refracts the light more, changes shape to focus

100
Q

Pupil

A

The hole by which light enters the eye

101
Q

Iris

A

The colored part of the eye, a muscle that dilates/contracts the pupil

102
Q

Cornea

A

Outermost layer of eye that initially refracts light

103
Q

Receptive Field

A

Part of a sensory receptor that detects a stimulus

Academic Decathlon 2023-2024 (18 decks)

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