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Academic Decathlon 2023-2024 > Science - Sensory and Motor Systems > Flashcards

Science - Sensory and Motor Systems Flashcards

The five senses--visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, and somatosensory--and the motor system.

1
Q

Cerebellar Deep Nuclei

A

Output of the cerebellum

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2
Q

Cerebellum

A

Part of brain hanging on the back for learning motor skills and integrating them with the senses

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3
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Regulates motivation; the movement of muscles from a standstill

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4
Q

Reticulospinal Tract

A

Ventromedial motor path that keeps the torso and legs upright

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5
Q

Tectospinal Tract

A

Ventromedial motor path that combines senses to give instinctual response to sudden light touch or sound

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6
Q

Vestibulospinal Tract

A

Ventromedial motor path for vestibular system in inner ear, to keep body balance

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7
Q

Rubrospinal Tract

A

Lateral less important cognitive motor path for muscle tone (keep muscles in place)

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8
Q

Corticospinal Tract

A

Lateral most important cognitive motor path for movement you think about

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9
Q

Premotor Cortex

A

Works with M1 and supplementary cortex to determine the muscles needed for a given movement

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10
Q

Primary Motor Cortex (M1)

A

Processor of voluntary movements

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11
Q

Muscle spindle

A

Proprioceptive element connected to myotatic reflex

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12
Q

Myotatic Reflex

A

Knee jerk reflex occuring on tap of knee tendon

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13
Q

Upper Motor Neurons

A

Synapses from brain to lower motor neuron

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14
Q

Lower Motor Neurons

A

Neurons that synapse onto muscles to control them

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15
Q

Sensory Homunculus

A

Overrepresentation of somatosensory neurons for certain parts of the body

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16
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1)

A

Somatosensory processing in the parietal lobe

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17
Q

Anterolateral Spinothalamic System

A

Path taken by pain and temperature to the brain

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18
Q

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscal (DCML) System

A

Path taken by touch and proprioception to the brain

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19
Q

Efferent Axons

A

Motor neuron axons

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20
Q

Afferent Axons

A

Sensory neuron axons

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21
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglions (DRG)

A

Bundles of sensory neuron somas

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22
Q

Congenital Analgesia

A

Hereditary insensitivity to pain

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23
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

Increased sensitivity in previously damaged tissue

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24
Q

Nociception

A

Neural processing of tissue damage

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25
Thermoreceptors
Unmyelinated free nerve endings for detecting temperature
26
Dermatomes
Sections of the spinal cord that correspond to areas of the body
27
Glabrous
Hair-less skin
28
Innervated
With a higher density of nerve endings
29
Merkel's Discs
Detects shape and texture. Fire for the whole stimulus. In innervated skin.
30
Ruffini's Endings
Detects skin stretch. Fire for the whole stimulus. In innervated skin.
31
Meissner's Corpuscles
Detects low frequency vibration, flutter. Adapts to stimuli. Only in glabrous skin.
32
Pacinian Corpuscles
Detects deep vibration. Adapts to stimuli
33
Mechanoreceptors
Broad name of sensory receptors for touch, activated by physical stimuli
34
Sensory Transduction
Process of turning light, sound, touch on the skin into electrochemical signals
35
Proprioception
Sense of where your muscles, ligaments, and tendons are.
36
Vestibular System
Helps balance and to know where your body is in space
37
Somatosensation
All sensation from the skin; touch, vestibular, proprioception
38
Glomeruli
Spheres of matter in the olfactory bulb that represent a specific smell each
39
Cribriform Plate
Thin bone that olfactory axons penetrate to reach the olfactory bulb
40
Olfactory Bulb
First synapse of olfactory axons, made up of 2000 glomeruli
41
Odorants
Particles in the air that bind to smell receptors
42
Olfactory Epithelium
Clump of cells that line the top and back of nasal cavity
43
Primary Gustatory Cortex
Taste processing center of the brain
44
Tastants
Particles of food that bind to taste buds
45
Papillae
The bumps on the tongue. Contain taste buds
46
Umami
"Savory" taste. Detects protein-packed foods.
47
Primary Auditory Cortex (A1)
Auditory processing. Output to language processing.
48
Medial Geniculate Nucleus
Input from colliculus, output to A1. Similar to LGN.
49
Inferior Colliculus
Where auditory data converges after taking many different routes
50
Outer Hair Cells
Amplifies/dampens the inner hair cells
51
Tectorial Membrane
Rigid platform that stereocilia attach to. In the scala media.
52
Stereocilia
Bends with movement of inner ear fluid. When bent, ions enter and depolarize. Attached to inner hair cells
53
Inner Hair Cells
Cells that send auditory signals to the brain, part of organ of Corti.
54
Organ of Corti
Sits on the basilar membrane, moves with fluid, does auditory transduction
55
Basilar Membrane
Between the scala media and scala tympani in the cochlear, moves with fluid.
56
Semicircular Canals
Transduces movement of the head, part of the vestibular system of somatosensation, part of inner ear.
57
Cochlea
Snail-like fluid-filled shell where auditory transduction takes place, part of inner ear.
58
Ossicles
Smallest bones in the body. Amplifies the pressure waves of sound, part of middle ear.
59
Tympanic Membrane
Converts pressure changes in the air into physical movements, AKA eardrum. Part of outer ear.
60
Pinnae
Outer ear flaps, part of outer ear.
61
Parallel Processing
When different types of stimuli are processed separately at the same time
62
Prospagnosia
Type of visual agnosia, inability to remember faces.
63
Visual Agnosia
When after damage to the temporal lobe, one cannot identify objects well.
64
Ventral Extrastriate Pathway
Below V1, processes the "what" of visual information. Objects, faces, colors, etc.
65
Akinetopsia
Motion blindness, sufferers see in shifting still frames
66
Direction-selective neurons
Neurons that fire maximally for motion in one direction.
67
Area MT
Part of dorsal pathway, sensitive to motion
68
Dorsal Extrastriate Pathway
Above V1, processes the "where" of visual information. Depth perception, movement, etc.
69
Extrastriate Cortex
The occipital lobe surrounding V1; Additional visual processing.
70
Cortical Magnification
A disproportionate number of neurons process the center of the visual field than the peripheral
71
Retinotopic Map
Map of the visual world, in LGN and V1; Neighboring retinal cells have corresponding neighboring neurons in the brain.
72
Pyramidal Cells
Neurons in V1 with a long dendrite and long axon for long distance signals
73
Primary Visual Cortex (V1)
Main visual processing, also called striate cortex.
74
Monocular
When data from each eye is kept separate
75
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
Initial processing of visual input
76
Binocular Vision
Area of the visual field seen by both eyes
77
Decussate
When an axon crosses to the other side of the body.
78
Optic Tract
Nerves from optic chiasm to the LGN
79
Optic Chiasm
The point where the left side vision goes to the right side of the brain and vice versa (Decussates).
80
Optic Nerve
The nerves from the eye to the optic chiasm
81
Retinofugal Pathway
The main path for cognitive vision, from the eye to the thalamus and then the visual cortex
82
Lateral Inhibition
The ability for excited neurons to inhibit its neighbors
83
Horizontal Cells
Connects bipolar cells to far photoreceptors. Causes lateral inhibition
84
Retinal Ganglion Cells
Bipolar cells synapse here. Then exits to the optic nerve
85
Bipolar cells
Photoreceptors synapse here. Then synapses to the ganglion cells
86
Absorption Spectra
Receptive range of eyes
87
Trichromatic
The three cone system apes combine to detect different colors: red, blue, green
88
Rhodopsin
Opsin in rods for low light
89
Opsins
Pigments in the photoreceptors that absorb a certain range of light
90
Cones
Photoreceptors that detect bright, colored light in the fovea
91
Rods
Photoreceptors that detect low light, peripheral vision
92
Photoreceptors
Neurons that transduce light
93
Choroid
Brings oxygen and nutrients to the photoreceptors
94
Pigmented Epithelium
Retinal support cells; absorbs excess light and cleans dead cells
95
Fovea
Center of the retina with sharpest vision
96
Retina
Sheet of neurons in the back of the eye that transduces light
97
Myopia
Nearsightedness; light focuses in front of the retina
98
Visual Field
The area seen by the eye
99
Lens
Inside the eye, refracts the light more, changes shape to focus
100
Pupil
The hole by which light enters the eye
101
Iris
The colored part of the eye, a muscle that dilates/contracts the pupil
102
Cornea
Outermost layer of eye that initially refracts light
103
Receptive Field
Part of a sensory receptor that detects a stimulus

Academic Decathlon 2023-2024 (18 decks)

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