Science Semester Review Flashcards
Force equation
F=Ma
Oxidation number
The number of electrons an element/polyatomic atom has gained or lost in a chemical reaction
Acceleration of gravity
10m/s^2
Types of bonds
Ionic- atoms give or receive atoms and magnetically attract
Types of reactions
Combustion Decomposition Synthesis Single replacement Double replacement
Velocity
The change in displacement over time (+direction)
Speed
Change in distance over change in time
Distance
The total amount a object has traveled
Displacement
The distance between the starting and ending point and the direction between the two points
Terminal velocity
A point where air resistance and the force of gravity are exactly equal
Friction
the force that opposes motion
Newton’s first law of motion
An object at rest stays at rest until a force acts upon it. An object in motion stays in motion unless a force acts upon it.
Newton’s third law of motion
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Newton’s second law of motion
The force acting onan object is equal to its mass times its acceleration. Also the direction of the acceleration is the same as the direction of the force
Acceleration
The change in velocity over time +direction
Metals
Shiny, conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, ductile, solid at room temperature (except for mercury)
Nonmetal
Brittle, not conductive, not ductile, most gas at room temperature (some are solid but only bromine is a liquid at room temperature), and dull
Metalloid
Elements that have some characteristics of metal and some of nonmetals, semiconductors, some are malleable, some are ductile, mostly solid at room temperature.
Resultant force
Combination of all forces that are applied on an object
Proton
The positive particle in the nucleus (one of the heaviest particles nearly equal to the neutron in mass)
Neutron
The neutral particle in the nucleus of the atom (one of the heaviest particles nearly equal to the proton in mass)
Electron
The smallest part of the atom that is negative, in the electron cloud, and, orbits the positive nucleus
Electron cloud
The part of the atom where the electrons reside
Nucleus
The center of the atom where the protons and neutrons are
Valence electrons
The number of electrons on the outer shell of the atom
Periods
The part of the periodic table made up of the horizontal rows that are divided by the elements’ number of energy levels
Groups
Part of the periodic table divided by the number of valence electrons
Noble gases
The elements in group 8 of the periodic table that are gases, stable, have full energy shells, and light up in different colors when heat is introduced
Alkali metals
Metals in the first group that are extremely reactive when added to water
Alkali earth metals
Metals in the second group that are reactive when added to water but are not as reactive as alkali metals
Law of conservation of mass
Matter can neither be made or destroyed, only changed
Reactants
The part of a chemical equation that reacts to form the products
Products
The compounds that are produced from the chemical reaction
Monoatomic ion
An ion made up of only one element
Polyatomic ion
An ion that is made up of two or more elements
Binary ionic compound
An ionic compound composed of one metal and one nonmetal
Ternary ionic compound
An ionic compound made up of three or more elements with at least one of them being a metal and at least one being a nonmetal
Binary molecular compound
A covalent compound made up of two nonmetals
Atom
The smallest unit of an element
Element
Atoms with a certain number of protons that can’t be broken down by physical or chemical processes
Compound
A combination of elements that can’t be broken down by physical processes but can be broken down by chemical processes
Atomic radii
Increases as you go down the periodic table (because adding energy shells make it have a larger radius), decreases as you go across the periodic table (because of the increasing magnetic pull making the radius smaller)
Iron triad
Iron, cobalt, and nickel: they share similar properties
