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Study! > Science Semester 2 > Flashcards

Science Semester 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is layer 5/6 of Planet Earth?

A

The Outer Core

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2
Q

What is Layer 4/6 of Planet Earth?

A

The Mantle

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3
Q

What is layer 3/6 of Planet Earth?

A

The Crust (or lithosphere).

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4
Q

What is layer 2/6 of Planet Earth?

A

The Hydrosphere.

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5
Q

What is Layer 1/6 of Planet Earth?

A

The Atmosphere

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6
Q

How deep is Earth?

A

6,370km.

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7
Q

How deep is the largest man-made hole?

A

15km.

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8
Q

Scientists use data from earthquakes to find out what lies inside the Earth. Earthquakes produce waves, known as?

A

Seismic waves.

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9
Q

Seismic waves transfer energy through the?

A

The Crust.

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10
Q

By analysing the behaviour of seismic waves, scientists have been able to identify?

A

The state and chemical composition of inside the earth.

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11
Q

State the Shrinking Theory.

A

The shrinking theory was what geologists of the 1800s believed, that the crust began to shrink and wrinkle. They believed that the continents were the high parts of the wrinkles and that oceans covered the lower parts.

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12
Q

Scientists in the 1900s found that

A

The continents were moving.

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13
Q

The inner core consists of

A

various radioactive elements, such as solid iron and uranium.

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14
Q

The inner core has a ______________ 3,000,000 times stronger than the surface of the earth.

A

A gravitational pull.

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15
Q

The outer core consists of

A

Molten, liquid iron.

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16
Q

The outer core is slightly larger

A

Than Mars.

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17
Q

Earth’s heat came from?

A

The collision of space bodies, such as asteroids and planets.

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18
Q

State the continental drift theory.

A

In 1912, a German meteorologist named Alfred we gender proposed a new theory. He had noticed that today’s continents fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. They’ll sometimes rejoin, and that’s the continental drift theory.

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19
Q

Wegener also believed that, one time, every continent formed together to become a supercontinent known as?

A

Pangaea.

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20
Q

The ocean around Pangaea was?

A

Panthalassa.

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21
Q

With the use of technology such as sonar and satellite imaging, geologists have been able to demonstrate that the earth’s crust is divided into

A

30 tectonic plates.

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22
Q

Tectonic plates move on a layer of?

A

Partially molten rock in the upper mantle.

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23
Q

Tectonic plates move because?

A

Heat causes the partially molten rock in the mantle to expand and rise towards the surface.

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24
Q

How is a convection current formed?

A

Heat causes the partially molten rock in the mantle to expand and rise towards the surface. It spreads a out, cools, and falls back under the force of gravity.

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25
Q

The plates consist of two types of crust. The continents are made up of?

A

Continental crust, which is between 30km and 70km deep.

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26
Q

The plates beneath the ocean consist of?

A

oceanic crust, which is much thinner than continental crust and has an average thickness of about 6km. It’s also denser due to differences in its chemical composition.

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27
Q

What is layer 6/6 of Planet Earth?

A

The Inner Core.

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28
Q

How many tectonic plates are there?

A

30

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29
Q

The plates move on a layer of partially molten rock in the upper

A

Mantle.

30
Q

The plates move because brag causes the partially molten rock in the mantle

A

To expand and rise towards the surface.

31
Q

As tectonic plates move apart…

A

Molten from the mantle rides, forming underwater volcanoes and creating new oceanic crust as it is cooled and solidified by sea water.

32
Q

An underwater ridge is formed as…

A

magma along the plate boundaries rises.

33
Q

The sea floor spreads as…

A

new volcanoes appear,many more new crust is created.

34
Q

New segments of the Earth’s crust are continuously being formed at these

A

Ocean ridges.

35
Q

Earthquakes occur when

A

Two tectonic plates slide next to each other.

36
Q

More severe earthquakes occur when

A

When something builds up and prevents them from moving.

37
Q

Pressure builds up between plates until there is enough force to restart the sliding with a jolt.

A

•

38
Q

Where oceanic crust pushes against continental crust…

A

…a process called subduction occurs.

39
Q

The oceanic crust sinks below…

A

…the less dense continental crust. This movement causes powerful earthquakes and creates explosive volcanoes when the oceanic crust keltdnand cold sea water meets hot magma.

40
Q

When two continents on colliding plates lush against each other…

A

Huge mountain ranges are formed as continental crust crumples upwards.

41
Q

List 2 evidences which prove the continents were once a supercontinent.

A

200,000,000-year-old fossils of the same lands animals have been found in all of the southern continents. Animals couldn’t swim or fly.

The rocks further away from the mid-lines of ocean ridges are older than those closer to the centre.

42
Q

The theory of plate tectonics enabled a more complete reconstruction of the movement of continents proposed by the continental drift theory. Geologists now believe that about 200,000,000 years ago, Pangaea broke up into 2 smaller continents called

A

Laurasia and Gondwana (or Gondwanaland)

43
Q

Africa, South America, Antarctica and Ausgralia were all part of what continent?

A

Gondwana (or Goneanaland)

44
Q

Explain why the Himalaya mountain range is growing.

A

The Indoaustralian plate pushes into the Eurasian plate.

45
Q

What happens to old oceanic crust?

A

Old oceanic crust is pushed downwards at subduction zones, eventually melting to form magma. This slow and continuing natural process of ‘recycling’ old crust and producing crust takes place over millions of years.

46
Q

When you hold a sheet of paper with one hand on each end and then move the ends towards each other, the paper bends upwards or downwards. The forces beneath the earth are so large that lagers of rock bend and crumple without breaking, just as the paper does. This process is non as?

A

Folding.

47
Q

Folds that bend upwards are called?

A

Anticlines.

48
Q

Folds that bend downwards are called?

A

Synclines.

49
Q

Generally, anticlines and sync,ones are formed

A

Well below the surface of the earth, and they’re not visible until they’re exposed from the erosion of softer rocks.

50
Q

Synclines and anticlines are most common at?

A

Road cuttings, or in cliffs formed by fast-flowing streams.

51
Q

Australia’s great dividing range, which stretches all the way from northern Wueensland to Tasmania, was formed by?

A

Forming.

52
Q

The great diving rage is formed from

A

Separate mountain ranges, including the Carafvon range in se trail Queensland, the blue mountains of New South Wales, the Australian alps, the Dandenong ranges near Melborne, and the central highlands of Tasmania.

53
Q

Sunrise Rs rocks crack as a result of the huge forces acting on them. Once movement occurs along a cranky it is called a?

A

Fault.

54
Q

Explain how the Gulf Region of South Australia has been formed by a series of faults.

A

The gulf region of South Aistralia has been. Formed by a series of faults. two blocks of crust have flopped down between faults to form Spencer Gulfs, and Gukf st. Vincent.

55
Q

Between these sunken blocks, which are called rift valleys, is a block that has been pushed upwards by the forces below. This blocked…

A

…called a Horst, has formed Yorke Peninsula. The movement along these faults are responsible for the occasional earthquakes in the Adelaide area.

56
Q

If the movement along a vault is sideways, that ism where the blocks of crust slip horizontally past each other, it’.

A

is termed as a ‘slip fault.

57
Q

The San Andreas fault in California is a

A

Slip fault.

58
Q

A large movement of the San Andreas Fault of rocks on rather side of this fault line in 1989 created a major earthquake in San Fransicso.

A

•

59
Q

What is folding and how is it caused?

A

Folding is where the forces of earth are so large that layers of rock bend and cfumple without breaking when pushed together.

60
Q

Explain why the Himalayas are still growing in height.

A

The Indian plate and the Indo-Australian plate are pushing upwards, causing an anticline to occur in the Himalayas, thus the mountains keep growing.

61
Q

Explain the difference between a Synclines and an anticline.

A

Anticlines are where two plates of earth push towards each other to create a hill.
Synclines are where two plates of earth push towards each other to create an incline.

62
Q

Earthquakes are the result from

A

movements in the earth’s. Rust up to 700 kms deep.

63
Q

Earthquakes cause?

A

Tremors on the earth’s surface.

64
Q

If tremors are sudden and strong,

A

Earthquakes can occur,

65
Q

Major earthquakes occur at, or near, the plate boundaries where plates are…?

A
  • pushing against each other in subduction zones.
  • spreading apart to form ocean ridges and new u der water volcanoes or volcanic islands.
  • slipping and sliding against each other in sudden jolts.
66
Q

Tremors and minor earthquakes can take place wherever there is a?

A

weakness in the earth’s crust, especially along faults.!

67
Q

The epicentre of an earthquake is?

A

Directly above the point below the surface where the movement in the crust began. The point at

68
Q

When two neighbouring plates slide past each other,

A

Earthquakes occur.

69
Q

When two plates push against each other, two separate changes take place. Where oceanic crust pushes against continental crust, a process caller

A

Subduction occurs. Oceanic crust sinks below the continental crust, causing earthquakes and volcanoes to rise out of the ocean.

70
Q

If two plates separate away from each other,

A

Volcanoes form.

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