History Semester 1

Question 1

In Ideas of the Enlightenment, what is Reason?

Answer 1

Where rational thinking is the only basis of true knowledge.

Question 2

In Ideas of the Enlightenment, what was Individualism?

Answer 2

Where every person is born with the right of freedom.

Question 3

In Ideas of the Enlightenment, what was Republicanism?

Answer 3

Where the government should be run by (and for) the people.

Question 4

In Ideas of the Enlightenment, what was Humanism?

Answer 4

The belief where people have the potential to make the best world possible.

Question 5

In Ideas of the Enlightenment, what was Secularism?

Answer 5

The belief where the church should have no role in the running of the government.

Question 6

Why was science experiments improved during the enlightenment?

Answer 6

People could improve their experiment by conducting controlled experiments.

Question 7

What is the Divine Relevation?

Answer 7

The belief that the universe was made from God.

Question 8

Europeans considered themselves as

Answer 8

Better than everyone else.

Question 9

Non-European people were considered as

Answer 9

Inferior, because of their lack of progress.

Question 10

What is Eurocentrism?

Answer 10

Eurocentrism is the belief where European ideas would be the best for everyone.

Question 11

What was the order of human progress?

Answer 11

STAGE 1: Hunting and gathering.
STAGE 2: Pastoralism (herding animals).
STAGE 3: Agriculture.
STAGE 4: Commerce.

Question 12

What is The Enlightenment?

Answer 12

The enlightenment was a series of scientific discussions which gave rise to a new belief that people could use reason to explain the nature of the universe.

Question 13

Define New World.

Answer 13

A world which members of the old world migrated to.

Question 14

Tribal groups in North America, South America, and Australia, are named

Answer 14

The First Nations.

Question 15

People who migrated to New South Wales often faced starvation bcause

Answer 15

The land proved to be less fertile than first thought and fresh supplies from the nearest port could take up to six months to arrive.

Question 16

Within months of people arriving at New South Wales, diseases such as

Answer 16

influenza and smallpox had ravaged the Eora People of the Sydney Cove area.

Question 17

Aboriginal people fell sick due to

Answer 17

Loss of traditional hunting grounds.

Question 18

Early English settler societies in North America and Australia were at first seen as

Answer 18

Transplants, from the old world; smaller versions of the empire that had given birth to them, which had grown in histories, cultures, languages, and identities.

Question 19

Define Voluntary Migration.

Answer 19

Voluntary Migration occurs when people freely choose to migrate to better lives. Migrants who do this are called “free settlers”

Question 20

Voluntary Migration may be due to either ‘push’ or ‘pull’ factors. Push factors are

Answer 20

Reasons that drive people from their existing home to another place.

Question 21

Pull factors are…

Answer 21

Reasons that make another area more attractive to “pull” people into living there.

Question 22

Explain about the first English colony.

Answer 22

The first English colony in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. It began as a business venture by King James I of England under the Virginia Company of London. First English settlers became investors in this company, keen to make fortunes from finding gold + growing crops for export.

Question 23

Explain about the second English colony.

Answer 23

In 1620, a second English colony in America was established further north at New Plymouth. This was settled by a group of Puritans, a small but growing Christian sect who wanted to establish a new society, where they could freely express their religious beliefs. They were against the monarch of the Church of England, and fuelled their desire to get out of England.

Question 24

Explain about free settlers to Australia.

Answer 24

The first free settlers to Australia arrived in Sydney onboard the bellona on 16 January 1793. These were 5 men and 2 families who were wealthy enough r to afford the long sea voyage from Snfland. Early free settlers were given free land grants of 30 acres for single men, with an extra 20 acres if they were married, and 10 more if they had children. Free convict labour was also an example of a pull factor driving migration. The harsh Australian environment made life on the land a struggle for the early free settlers.

Question 25

Explain about the westward spread of settlement in Australia.

Answer 25

It was not until the westward someway of settlement beyond the blue mountains that better quality farmland was made available, As a result, more and more free settlers from England began to arrive, The British government introduced the assisted passage scheme to help new settlers with some of the costs of the long journey. Many poor, Single men were attracted to the wide open spaces of Australia and the thought of owning enough land to become wealthy.

Question 26

Explain about gender imbalance.

Answer 26

In New South Wales in 1835, there was 1 woman for every 4 men. To deal with this problem, the government introduced the Bounty scheme, which was designed to attract more married couples and young women to Australia. Under the scheme, established steelers paid the fare for skilled government if the new settler was both healthy and above the minimum ages of 15 for females and 18 for males. By 1838, over 6000 free settlers had come to Australia on the bounty scheme.

Question 27

Define involuntary migration.

Answer 27

Involuntary migration is forcefully getting people to migrate.

Question 28

The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was a triangular trade across the Atoantic Ocean between…

Answer 28

…West Afeica, some European Nations (including Portugul, Spain, Britian, France, and the Netherlands) and their American colonies.

Question 29

What sort of slaves were involved in the the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade?

Answer 29

People from African countries including Senegal, Gambia, Liberia, the Ivory Coast Guinea, Benin, and Cameroon.

Question 30

Explain about the First fleet.

Answer 30

The first fleet arrived in Port Jackson on 26 January 1788. It consisted of convicts arriving to serve prison sentences in Australia in a newly-established penal colony.

Question 31

James Hargraves was famous for inventing?

Answer 31

The Spinning Jenny.

Question 32

The Spinning Jenny meant that one worker could operate

Answer 32

Several spools of cotton, as opposed to the pervious one spool of cotton.

Question 33

The spinning Jenny was considered one of the earliest examples of

Answer 33

Mass production.

Question 34

The idea that much more cotton spools could be produced in little time had created huge

Answer 34

Cotton mills in England, supplies with Raw cotton from the North American and Carribean colonies.

Question 35

James watt invented what in 1776?

Answer 35

The steam engine.

Question 36

The steam engine would be highly regarded as

Answer 36

A symbol of the Industrial Revolution.

Question 37

In 1726, Lady Mady Wortley Montagu introduced what to Europe?

Answer 37

Inoculation.

Question 38

Lady Wortley Montagu saw that

Answer 38

Limited exposure to a disease actually help increased a patient’s resistance, or immunity, to that disease.

Question 39

In 1796, Edward Jenner developed the much safer method of vaccination, which led to the eradication of smallpox throughout Europe. Through his experiments, Jenner confirmed the hypothesis that

Answer 39

People who had caught the relatively harmless cowpox disease would not catch the fatal disease of smallpox.

Question 40

Capitalism is

Answer 40

An economic system that encourages competition between sellers, who all want to make a profit. Before the industrial revolution, the main source of wealth in society was land.

Question 41

Mass production allowed capitalists to

Answer 41

Make goods quickly, cheaply, and in large quantities by employing many workers.

Question 42

What provided power for the factories?

Answer 42

Steam engines.

Question 43

A production line is where

Answer 43

Workers are assigned a task to perform over and over.

Question 44

Steam engines eventually replaced what?

Answer 44

Horse-drawn carts, and led to the developments of railways and steam trains.

Question 45

The triangular trade?

Answer 45

It relies on the input from 3 locations within the British Empire.

Question 46

People from rural areas flocked to the cities in search of factory work, because

Answer 46

They needed a decent income, since this was crucial in times of poor harvest.

Question 47

Goods were moved by

Answer 47

Pack horses, or in wagons pulled by animals.

Question 48

Canal barges could

Answer 48

Move raw materials and products relatively cheaply and quickly.

Question 49

Many canals involved major engineering facts such as

Answer 49

Bridges, tunnels, cuttings, aqueducts, and locks.

Question 50

Why did the construction boom end in 1820 (canal-wise?)

Answer 50

Many canals didn’t carry enough traffic to be profitable. In the 1830s, the canal system declined because it could not compete with the railways.

Question 51

1829, a competition was held to choose a locomotive for the new line from Liverpool to Manchester. Who won?

Answer 51

George Stephenson, with his ‘Rocket’ design. The Rocket could travel at 40 kilometres per hour.

Question 52

The invention of the steam engine came about due to the rising demand for coal to beat homes and other buildings. Coal mines became deeper and the water that drained into the mines had to be pumped out.

Answer 52

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Question 53

What was the water frame?

Answer 53

The water frame, invented by Richard Arkwright in 1769, spin stronger thread and produced yarn many times faster.

Question 54

What was Samuel Crompton’s Mule?

Answer 54

An innovation which combined features of the Jenny and the water frame to produce yarn that was not only strong but also very fine.

Question 55

List 7 factors which influenced the start of the Industrial Revolution.

Answer 55

Cheap Labour
Wealthy Middle Class
Transport
Technological Innovations
Access to Raw Materials
Expanding the British Empire
The Spread of Innovations.