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Science Semester 2 Flash Card > Science Reproduction Sem 2 > Flashcards

Science Reproduction Sem 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Reproduction?

A

Is the process by which parents produce new individuals. These new individuals are called offspring.

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2
Q

Sexual reproduction advantages

A
  • Can adapt easier to environmental changes
  • Increases genetic variation within a species
  • Allows for diversity evolution of a species
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3
Q

Sexual Reproduction disadvantages

A
  • Takes longer to reproduce offspring
  • More things can go wrong (Mutations)
  • Must locate a mate to reproduce
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4
Q

Asexual Reproduction advantages

A
  • Only need one parent to reproduce
  • Requires less energy to reproduce
  • Can reproduce quickly
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5
Q

Asexual Reproduction disadvantages

A
  • Genetically similar and less able to survive environmental changes
  • Can be easily wiped out by diseases
  • Can result in overcrowding of a habitat
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6
Q

Gametes

A

Are the special reproductive cells that are involved in sexual reproduction.

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7
Q

What gamete is Sperm?

A

A male gamete

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8
Q

What gamete is the ovum?

A

Female Gamete

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9
Q

What is fertilization?

A

Sexual reproduction requires the joining of a sperm and an egg in a process called fertilization

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10
Q

Meiosis

A

Is the cell division that produces gametes

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11
Q

Budding

A

When an organism creates a bud from its own cells, which then detaches to form an identical offspring E.g. Hydra

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12
Q

Fission

A

When an organism splits into two and each half grows into a separates organism e.g Starfish

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13
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

When offspring develop eggs that have not yet been fertilized by a male e.g fleas, bees and some fish/reptiles

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14
Q

Ways of plants reproducing asexually

A
  • Rhizome
  • Bulb
  • Root sucker
  • Plantlet
  • Tuber
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15
Q

Ovaries

A

Produce ovum (eggs). One ovum is released from the ovaries each month.

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16
Q

Fallopian Tube

A

The ovum travels along the fallopian tube to the uterus. Fertilization often occurs here.

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17
Q

Uterus

A

Once in the uterus, the ovum can implant and grow into a baby.

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18
Q

Cervix

A

The short passage of muscle between the uterus and the vagina. During childbirth it dilates to let the baby out.

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19
Q

Vagina

A

Is where semen enters the body. It is also the passage through which babies are born.

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20
Q

Testicles

A

Is where semen enters the body. It is also the passage through which babies are born.

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21
Q

Epididymis

A

Sperm matures in the epididymis and is stored before release

22
Q

Scrotum

A

Houses the testicles. This sac allows the testicles to be kept at a slightly lower temperature (3 degrees celsius lower)

23
Q

Vas Deferens

A

Sperm travels along the Vas deferens to the penis.

24
Q

Seminal Vesicle

A

Fluid is added to the sperm from the seminal vesicle containing proteins, enzymes, sugar, vitamin C and other substances

25
Q

Prostate Gland

A

Adds same fluid as seminal vesicle. Helping keep the sperm alive

26
Q

Urethra

A

Is the tube though which semen and urine leave the body.

27
Q

Penis

A

Is the delivery organ for the sperm. Where the semen leaves the body to then help fertilize the egg.

28
Q

Errection

A

For delivery of sperm into the female reproduction tract the male must become sexually aroused.

29
Q

Sperm

A

Is a specialized cell. Must be kept in a controlled temperature. As a result, the testicles are in a sac outside the body. When hot, the scrotum drops away from the body. This stops the sperm becoming damaged.

30
Q

Puberty

A

When a person becomes sexually mature. Physical changes occur taking several years. Puberty leads to secondary sexual characteristics in both males and females.

31
Q

Girls Secondary sexual Characteristics

A

Breasts enlarge
Hair growth in armpits and groin
Sudden increase in height
First period
Widening of hips

32
Q

Boys Secondary sexual Characteristics

A

Enlargement of the testes
Sperm formation in the testes
Growth of penis
Voice breaking becoming deeper
Hair growth on face, arm, chests and groin
Increased muscle and bone growth and strength
Sudden increase in height

33
Q

Hormones

A

Are chemicals that act as messengers. Testosterone, Oestrogen, Progesterone.

34
Q

Testogerone

A

Will lead to an increase of production of sperm.

35
Q

Oestrogen

A

Produced in the ovaries. Responsible for female secondary sexual characteristics. Mature egg involved. Makes liner around uterus.

36
Q

Progesterone

A

Produced in the ovaries. Thicker lining of uterus to help grow a baby. Is also stimulated by implantation of a fertilized egg in uterus lining.

37
Q

Menustration

A

The cycle is around 28 days. Involving the uterus building a lining of blood in preparation of fertilisation and then the shedding of this lining when fertilisation doesnt occur. Increase of hormones. A drop in progesterone leads to the lining being shed.

38
Q

Follicular Phase

A

Ovum is being matured in the ovary. The lining thickens as the hormones begin to increase.

39
Q

Ovulation

A

The ovum is released by the ovary. Ending an old phase to a new phase.

40
Q

Luteal Phase

A

The egg is released into the fallopian tubes, having the potential to be fertilized. Progesterone is produced during phase, continuing the development of uterus lining.

41
Q

Contraception

A

Is any measure that is carried out to prevent pregnancy occuring from sexual intercourse e.g condoms, the pill, implanon

42
Q

What is the purpose of condoms?

A

Prevents STI’s, is a barrier method of contraception between the sperm and the ovum meeting.

43
Q

What is the pill?

A

Is a daily pill that contains hormones to change the way the body works to prevent pregnancy (ovulation).

44
Q

What does the Implanon do?

A

A small flexible plastic tube containing hormones that doctors insert in your arm which therefore slowly releases low levels of progesterone to prevent pregnancy.

45
Q

Copulation

A

Is known as sexual intercourse. Sperm are ejaculated from the penis into the vagina near the base of the cervix.

46
Q

Fertilization

A

Is a sperm race to the egg. The nucleus of the first sperm to make it inside fuses with the nucleus of the egg. The egg is called zygote.

47
Q

Zygote

A

STAGE 1. After fertillization the egg divided and is called a zygote. Continual division leads to the development of the blastocyst which eventually implants into the uterine wall.

48
Q

Embryo

A

STAGE 2. About 10 days after fertilization, implantation of the blastocyst occurs. Implantation leads to the formation of the placenta. In the first 8 weeks of development the baby is referred to as an Embryo.

49
Q

Foetus

A

STAGE 3. From 9 weeks the developing baby is known as a FOETUS
It now starts to resemble a human
Arms and legs develop
Genitals develop
It starts to grow inside the womb.

50
Q

Baby

A

STAGE 4. The birth of the foetus. The full time of gestation (pregnancy) for a human is approximately 40 weeks, however, babies may be born prematurely.

51
Q

Amniotic Fluid

A

The embryo/foetus floats in a fluid enclosed within a balloon. The foetus also swallows it – developing its swallowing reflex.

Science Semester 2 Flash Card (3 decks)

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