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AcDec/Technology and Humanity > Science/Neuroscience > Flashcards

Science/Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

How do photoreceptors in the retina respond to light?

A

Hyperpolarizing the receptor cell

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2
Q

In what way is the cerebrum distinct from other structures?

A

It is the largest structure in the brain.

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3
Q

What is the role of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP) in photoreceptors?

A

Keeps Special Ion Channels Open

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4
Q

The cerebrum can be divided into…

A

A left and right side

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

Gyri refer to…

A

The bumps on the surface of the brain

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7
Q

What neurotransmitter do depolarized photoreceptor cells release in the dark?

A

Glutamate

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8
Q

Gyri and sulci MAINLY differ in…

A

Form

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9
Q

Which cells form connections between central rod or cone cells and other photoreceptors and bipolar cells?

A

horizontal cells

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10
Q

What is NOT true about the cerebrum?
a. It has a wrinkled appearance
b. It is located inside the cerebellum
c. It would have a large surface if flattened out

A

B. It is located inside the cerebellum

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11
Q

What is the purpose of center-surround receptive fields in the retina?

A

Inhibiting the stimulation of surrounding neurons

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12
Q

What is the function of amacrine cells in the retina?

A

Distributing information from bipolar cells to multiple ganglion cells

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13
Q

The appearance of the cerebrum can best be described as…

A

Wrinkly

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14
Q

What is the function of lateral inhibition in the retina?

A

Suppressing the activity of center-surround receptive fields

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15
Q

The three main regions of the brain are…

A

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, and Brainstem

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16
Q

Which pathway is the main pathway of vision?

A

Retinofugal

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17
Q

True or false: the flocculonodular lobe is located in the cerebrum

A

False

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18
Q

What does the Latin word “fugit’ mean?

A

Flees

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19
Q

Which part of the brain receives visual information from the retinal ganglion cells?

A

Thalamus

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20
Q

Which lobe is the largest in the human brain

A

The Frontal Lobe

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21
Q

The function of cells in the nervous system usually correlates directly with their what?

A

Shape

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22
Q

How many layers of meninges surround the CNS?

A

3

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23
Q

The brain and the spinal cord make up which system?

A

Central Nervous System

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24
Q

The axons that cross in the optic chiasm originate from the part of the retina closer to the?

A

Nose

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25
Q

Which does the frontal lobe not handle; spatial relationships, speech production, decision making, future planning, or problem solving

A

Spatial Relationships

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26
Q

Where is the central portion of the visual field represented in the brain?

A

On both sides of the brain

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27
Q
A
28
Q

Which aspect of vision is based on comparing the appearance of an object between the left and right eye?

A

Depth Perception

29
Q

Which area of the brain is associated with thinking, feeling, and cognition?

A

Prefrontal Cortex

30
Q

Which term refers to the axons after crossing at the optic chiasm?

A

Optic Tract

31
Q

Which tissues encase the parts of the CNS?

A

Lymph tissue

32
Q

Which lobe is associated with sense of touch?

A

Parietal Lobe

33
Q

The occipital lobe is MOST associated with…

A

The Eyes

34
Q

The temporal lobe is PRIMARILY responsible for…

A

Auditory Processing

35
Q

What structure in the brain is latin for “little brain”

A

Cerebellum

36
Q

The most important function of the nervous system is ?

A

communication

37
Q

Which of the following fields is least involved in the study of neuroscience?

A

Geosciences

38
Q

The most important nervous system cells for long range communication are?

A

neurons

39
Q

What distinguishes neurons from other cells in the body?

A

Neurons are difficult to replace

40
Q

Neurons mainly store genetic information in the form of

A

DNA

41
Q

What word is synonymous with “cell body”?

A

Soma

42
Q

Which of the following cell parts receives incoming information

A

Dendrite

43
Q

The word “dendrite” is based on the Greek word for?

A

“tree like”

44
Q

Dura mater is Latin for…

A

Tough mother

45
Q

The dura mater is best described as…

A

Thick and leathery

46
Q

Which structure helps absorb shock from sudden blows to the head?

A

Epidural space

47
Q

The epidural space can be useful for…

A

Injecting medications

48
Q

True or false, the arachnoid membrane delivers nutrients and oxygen to neurons.

A

False

49
Q

The dura mater and the arachnoid membrane are immediately adjacent EXCEPT when…

A

There is trauma to the brain

50
Q

Which structures does blood pool into to relieve pressure?

A

Subdural space

51
Q

Which structure is filled with cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Subarachnoid space

52
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid MAINLY functions to…

A

Allow the brain to float

53
Q

The area of the postsynaptic membrane by the synaptic cleft that is densely clustered with receptors and their molecular machinery is called….

A

postsynaptic membrane

54
Q

The two main categories of postsynaptic receptors mentioned in the passage are…

A

ligand-gated ion receptors and G protein coupled receptors.

55
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential is…

A

the brief and transient depolarization that occurs when positive ions flow in through an ionotropic receptor.

56
Q

What determines whether an ionotropic receptor has an excitatory or inhibitory impact on the postsynaptic cell?

A

the types of ions flowing through the receptor.

57
Q

synaptic integration is…

A

a phenomenon where EPSPs and IPSPs from multiple synapses across the cell are added together.

58
Q

The place where inputs are assessed to see if the overall changes in the charge meet the threshold is ….

A

the axon hillock

59
Q

The main difference between ionotropic receptors and Metabotropic receptors is that….

A

ionotropic receptors change the postsynaptic membrane potential

60
Q

In the Metabotropic receptor pathway what is the role of G-protein?

A

G-protein split into subunits upon neurotransmitter binding.

61
Q

What makes metabotropic receptors more complex than ionotropic receptors?

A

They activate G-proteins in a series of steps.

62
Q

IP3 is…

A

a ligand-gated ion receptor that is inside of the cell facing the cytosol.

63
Q

The pathway that involves PKC in metabotropic activation is called…

A

metabolic cascade pathway

64
Q

What is the role of PKC in the metabotropic receptor pathway?

A

It phosphorylates molecules, adding phosphate groups to them.

65
Q

What is the role of IP3 in the metabotropic receptor pathway?

A

It opens ligand-gated calcium channels on the endoplasmic reticulum.

66
Q

What is the function of DAG in the metabotropic receptor pathways?

A

It activates PKC

67
Q

What makes metabotropic receptor pathways better than ionotropic pathways?

A

It amplifies the signal.

AcDec/Technology and Humanity (2 decks)

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