Science/Neuroscience Flashcards
How do photoreceptors in the retina respond to light?
Hyperpolarizing the receptor cell
In what way is the cerebrum distinct from other structures?
It is the largest structure in the brain.
What is the role of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP) in photoreceptors?
Keeps Special Ion Channels Open
The cerebrum can be divided into…
A left and right side
Gyri refer to…
The bumps on the surface of the brain
What neurotransmitter do depolarized photoreceptor cells release in the dark?
Glutamate
Gyri and sulci MAINLY differ in…
Form
Which cells form connections between central rod or cone cells and other photoreceptors and bipolar cells?
horizontal cells
What is NOT true about the cerebrum?
a. It has a wrinkled appearance
b. It is located inside the cerebellum
c. It would have a large surface if flattened out
B. It is located inside the cerebellum
What is the purpose of center-surround receptive fields in the retina?
Inhibiting the stimulation of surrounding neurons
What is the function of amacrine cells in the retina?
Distributing information from bipolar cells to multiple ganglion cells
The appearance of the cerebrum can best be described as…
Wrinkly
What is the function of lateral inhibition in the retina?
Suppressing the activity of center-surround receptive fields
The three main regions of the brain are…
Cerebrum, Cerebellum, and Brainstem
Which pathway is the main pathway of vision?
Retinofugal
True or false: the flocculonodular lobe is located in the cerebrum
False
What does the Latin word “fugit’ mean?
Flees
Which part of the brain receives visual information from the retinal ganglion cells?
Thalamus
Which lobe is the largest in the human brain
The Frontal Lobe
The function of cells in the nervous system usually correlates directly with their what?
Shape
How many layers of meninges surround the CNS?
3
The brain and the spinal cord make up which system?
Central Nervous System
The axons that cross in the optic chiasm originate from the part of the retina closer to the?
Nose
Which does the frontal lobe not handle; spatial relationships, speech production, decision making, future planning, or problem solving
Spatial Relationships
Where is the central portion of the visual field represented in the brain?
On both sides of the brain
Which aspect of vision is based on comparing the appearance of an object between the left and right eye?
Depth Perception
Which area of the brain is associated with thinking, feeling, and cognition?
Prefrontal Cortex
Which term refers to the axons after crossing at the optic chiasm?
Optic Tract
Which tissues encase the parts of the CNS?
Lymph tissue
Which lobe is associated with sense of touch?
Parietal Lobe
The occipital lobe is MOST associated with…
The Eyes
The temporal lobe is PRIMARILY responsible for…
Auditory Processing
What structure in the brain is latin for “little brain”
Cerebellum
The most important function of the nervous system is ?
communication
Which of the following fields is least involved in the study of neuroscience?
Geosciences
The most important nervous system cells for long range communication are?
neurons
What distinguishes neurons from other cells in the body?
Neurons are difficult to replace
Neurons mainly store genetic information in the form of
DNA
What word is synonymous with “cell body”?
Soma
Which of the following cell parts receives incoming information
Dendrite
The word “dendrite” is based on the Greek word for?
“tree like”
Dura mater is Latin for…
Tough mother
The dura mater is best described as…
Thick and leathery
Which structure helps absorb shock from sudden blows to the head?
Epidural space
The epidural space can be useful for…
Injecting medications
True or false, the arachnoid membrane delivers nutrients and oxygen to neurons.
False
The dura mater and the arachnoid membrane are immediately adjacent EXCEPT when…
There is trauma to the brain
Which structures does blood pool into to relieve pressure?
Subdural space
Which structure is filled with cerebrospinal fluid?
Subarachnoid space
Cerebrospinal fluid MAINLY functions to…
Allow the brain to float
The area of the postsynaptic membrane by the synaptic cleft that is densely clustered with receptors and their molecular machinery is called….
postsynaptic membrane
The two main categories of postsynaptic receptors mentioned in the passage are…
ligand-gated ion receptors and G protein coupled receptors.
Excitatory postsynaptic potential is…
the brief and transient depolarization that occurs when positive ions flow in through an ionotropic receptor.
What determines whether an ionotropic receptor has an excitatory or inhibitory impact on the postsynaptic cell?
the types of ions flowing through the receptor.
synaptic integration is…
a phenomenon where EPSPs and IPSPs from multiple synapses across the cell are added together.
The place where inputs are assessed to see if the overall changes in the charge meet the threshold is ….
the axon hillock
The main difference between ionotropic receptors and Metabotropic receptors is that….
ionotropic receptors change the postsynaptic membrane potential
In the Metabotropic receptor pathway what is the role of G-protein?
G-protein split into subunits upon neurotransmitter binding.
What makes metabotropic receptors more complex than ionotropic receptors?
They activate G-proteins in a series of steps.
IP3 is…
a ligand-gated ion receptor that is inside of the cell facing the cytosol.
The pathway that involves PKC in metabotropic activation is called…
metabolic cascade pathway
What is the role of PKC in the metabotropic receptor pathway?
It phosphorylates molecules, adding phosphate groups to them.
What is the role of IP3 in the metabotropic receptor pathway?
It opens ligand-gated calcium channels on the endoplasmic reticulum.
What is the function of DAG in the metabotropic receptor pathways?
It activates PKC
What makes metabotropic receptor pathways better than ionotropic pathways?
It amplifies the signal.
