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8th Grade Science > Science Keys (Vocab) > Flashcards

Science Keys (Vocab) Flashcards

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1
Q

Water Displacement

A

the method used to determine the volume of an irregular solid

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2
Q

Composition

A

what a substance is made of

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3
Q

Temperature

A

the average kinetic energy of the molecules in matter

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4
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

the energy of motion

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5
Q

Density

A

the mass per unit volume of a substance (d = m/v)

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6
Q

Volume

A

the amount of space taken up by an object

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7
Q

Mass

A

the amount of matter in an object

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8
Q

Weight

A

a measure of the force of gravity on an object

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9
Q

The Scientific Method

A

an organized way of doing a science experiment

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10
Q

Independent Variable

A

the one factor that is different in an experiment. it’s what you are testing

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11
Q

Dependent Variable

A

the result caused by the indepent variable. it’s what you record as you do the experiment

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12
Q

Constants / Controlled Variables

A

the things that stay the same as you do the experiment

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13
Q

Speed

A

the rate of change in motion

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14
Q

Velocity

A

speed in a direction

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15
Q

Force

A

a push or pull exerted by one object on another object

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16
Q

Balanced Forces

A

forces that do not cause a change in motion. the net force is 0 Newtons

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17
Q

Unbalanced Forces

A

forces that always change the motion of an object

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18
Q

Gravity

A

a force of attraction between objects because of their masses

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19
Q

Friction

A

the force that opposes motion between 2 surfaces that are touching

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20
Q

Air Resistance

A

the force that opposes motion or objects moving through air

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21
Q

Newton’s 1st Law of Motion

A

an object in motion will stay in motion, and an object at rest will stay at rest, until acted upon by an outside and unbalanced force

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22
Q

Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion

A

a force exerted on an object causes the object to accelerate in the direction of the force. the acceleration is affected by the mass of the object & the size of the force

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23
Q

Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion

A

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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24
Q

Work

A

when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force

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25
Q

Energy

A

the ability to do work

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26
Q

Potential Energy

A

stored energy and the energy because of position

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27
Q

Mechanical Energy

A

the total energy of motion and position

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28
Q

Energy Conversion

A

a change from one form of energy to another

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29
Q

Law of Conservation of Energy

A

states that energy cannot be created or destroyed

30
Q

Closed System

A

a group of objects that only transfer energy to themselves

31
Q

Renewable Resources

A

resources that can be replenished naturally in a short period of time

32
Q

Nonrenewable Resources

A

resources that cannot be made again in a short period of time

33
Q

Simple Machines

A

a machine with few or no moving parts; a device that makes work easier by changing the size or direction of the force

34
Q

Mechanical Advantage

A

the benefit gained by using machines; the number of times the machine multiplies the force

35
Q

Fulcrum

A

the point on a lever where it pivots

36
Q

Work Input

A

the work done on a machine - caused by the input force

37
Q

Work Output

A

the work a machine does - caused by the output force

38
Q

Compound Machine

A

2 or more simple machines working together

39
Q

Physical Properties

A

a property of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the matter

40
Q

Chemical Properties

A

the property of matter that describes its ability to change into new substances with different properties

41
Q

Physical Changes

A

a change from one form to another that affects one or more physical properties

42
Q

Chemical Changes

A

a change that occurs when one or more substances change into new substances with different properties

43
Q

States/Phases of Matter

A

matter exists in 4 different states/phases: solid, liquid, gas, & plasma

44
Q

Melting

A

when a solid changes to a liquid; energy is added

45
Q

Freezing

A

when a liquid changes to a solid; energy is removed

46
Q

Condensation

A

when a gas changes to a liquid; energy is removed

47
Q

Evaporation

A

when a liquid changes to a gas; energy is added

48
Q

Crust

A

the outermost layer of the Earth.
Continental crust - composition is similar to granite; the avg. thickness is 30km.
Oceanic crust - composition is similar to basalt; is 5-8km thick; is denser than continental crust

49
Q

MOHO

A

the boundary between the crust & the mantle

50
Q

Mantle

A

the layer of the Earth between the crust & the core; extremely thick; contains most of the Earth’s mass

51
Q

Outer Core

A

the liquid layer of the Earth’s core; lies beneth the mantle; surrounds the inner core

52
Q

Inner Core

A

the solid, dense center of the Earth that extends from the bottom of te outer core to the center of the Earth; 6,378km beneath the surface

53
Q

Plasticity

A

the propert in which a solid can flow slowly like a thick liquid

54
Q

Lithosphere

A

the outermost, rigid layer of the Earth; made of 2 parts: the crust & the rigid upper part of the mantle; divided into pieces called tectonic plates

55
Q

Asthenosphere

A

the soft layer of the mantle on which pieces of the lithosphere move; made of solid rock that flows very slowly

56
Q

Mesosphere

A

beneath the asthenosphere; strong, lower part of the mantle; extends from the bottom of the asthenosphere down to the Earth’s core

57
Q

Continental Drift

A

the theory that 1) continents can drift apart & have done so in the past, & 2) all present continents were once connected into a super continent called Pangaea

58
Q

Plate Tectonics

A

the theory that the earth’s lithospere is divided into tectonic plates that move around on top of the asthenosphere

59
Q

Convergent Boundary

A

the boundary where 2 tectonic plates that are pushing into each other meet

60
Q

Divergent Boundary

A

the boundary between where 2 tectonic plates are moving away from one another

61
Q

Transform Boundary

A

the boundary between 2 tectonic plates that are sliding past each other horizontally

62
Q

Seafloor Spreading

A

the process by which new oceanic lithosphere is created as older materials are pulled away from the ridge (as tectonic plates move away from each other, the seafloor spreads apart & magma rises to fill in the gap)

63
Q

Subduction Zone

A

the region where an oceanic plate sinks down, beneath either a continental plate or a less dense oceanic plate, into the lithosphere at a convergent boundary

64
Q

Folding

A

the bending of rock layers due to stress in the Earth’s crust

65
Q

Fault

A

a break in the Earth’s crust along which blocks of the crust slide relative to one another due to tectonic forces

66
Q

Normal Fault

A

a fault in which the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall.

usually occurs when rocks are pulled apart due to tension

67
Q

Reverse Fault

A

a fault in which the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall.

usually occurs when rocks are pushed together by compression

68
Q

Strike-Slip Fault

A

a fault in which the 2 fault blocks move past each other horizontally.

the fractures are vertical or nearly vertical

69
Q

Hot Spot

A

a place on the Earth’s surface that is directly above a column of risin magma called a mantle plume

70
Q

Ring of Fire

A

the plate boundaries surrounding the Pacific Ocean have so man volcanoes that these boundaries together are called the Ring of Fire

8th Grade Science (7 decks)

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