Science in general 1-7 Flashcards
rib function
protect the lung
lung
for breathing
air sacs
gas exchange happens here
bronchus
allows air to flow deep into the lungs
bronchiole
allows air to flow deeper into the lungs
trachea
allow air to flow from larynxt into the lungs
larynx
produces sound
respiration
chemical reaction that happens in every living cell
aerobic respiration
the kind of respiration that usually happens inside our cells and takes place in the presence of oxygen
aerobic respiration formula
Glucose+oxygen=carbon dioxide+water
where does aerobic respiration occur
mitochondria
process of gas exchange
nose = larynx = trachea = bronchus = bronchiole = alveoli
rings of cartilage funcction
strengthen trachea to prevent it from collapsing
breathing
movement of gases into and out fo the lungs
alveolus adaptions
- large network of capillaries (allows oxygen to diffuse into blood capillaires)
- moist surface (allows oxygen to dissolve and make it easier for oxxygen to diffuse into cell
- larger surface area (many diffusions can happen at the same time)
- thin walls (oxygen easier to pass through)
During Inhalation
Intercostal muscles…
Rib cage…
Diaphragm…
Volume of thoracic cavity…
Air pressure in thoracic cavity…
Intercostal muscles contracts
Rib cage move upwards and outwards
Diaphragm contracts and flattened
Volume of thoracic cavity is larger
air pressure decreases
Plasms function
transport blood cells, nutrients, carbon dioxide, glucose
RBC function
transportating oxygen from the lungs to all the respiring cells in the body
WBC function
prtoect against pathogens that have got into the body
Anaerobic respiration definition
a process that produces energy without the need of oxygen
Anaerobic respiration formula in humans
glucose=lactic acid+energy
Anaerobic respiration formula in microorganisms
glucose=ethanol+carbon dioxide+energy
RBC has 5 special features. what are they?
1 has haemoglobin (carries oxygen)
2 very small (can squeexe through capillaries)
3 no nucleus (more room for haemoglobin so can carry more oxygen)
4 no mitochondria (does not carry out respiration and use up the oxygen
5 biconcave shape (larger surface area)
WBC use two ways to kill pathogens. what are they?
- produce chemicals called antibodies, which attach themselves to the pathogens and kill them
- kill pathogens by taking them into their cytoplasm and digesting them
phagocytosis
kill pathogens by taking them into their cytoplasm and digesting them
if the expired air turns cloudy, presence of carbon dioxide is detected. is this true of false?
so damn true im so smart
Solution definition
A mixture of solute and solvent
solvent defi
liquid used to dissolve other substances
solute
substance that dissovles in the solvent
what is the universal solvent
water
what is the difference between melting and dissolving
melting needs only one substance while dissolving requires two substances
what is the principle of conservation of mass
mass of solut+mass of solvent=mass of solution
ways to dissolve solute faster
1 grinding (increase surface area)
2 stirring (increase contact between solute and solvent)
3 heating (increase particle energy and speeds up dissolving)
transparent meaning
can see through
opaque meaning
cannot see through
when sugar melt in to water, is it still there?
when the salt is dissovled in the water, it does not disappear. it is still in the water, although you cannot see it. according to the principle of conservation of mass…
insoluble
a substance that will not dissolve in water
soluble
substance that dissolves in water
solubility
maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in 100g of solvent at a certain temperature
factors affecting solubility
concentration of the solute
temperature
oil paint dissolves in…
methanol
nail polish dissovles in…
temperature
paper chromatography steps
a small drop of blank ink is placed on paper
the paper is dipped in water
water moves up, separates the ink
chromatogram defi
the resulting pattern of separated colours
ink separates because of solubility. the. more soluble, the inks travel…
further
inks insoluble in water require other solvents like…
alcohol
Why do you use a line drawn in pencil on the paper?
to show where the spot of dye should be placed. pencil is used because it will not dissolve and interefere with the results
why is it importantn to not let the ink spot to go under the water
so that the ink does no tdissolve into the water in the beaker
what must you remove the strip before water reaches the end?
so that the different colours in the ink could be separated
why dry the drops of liquid before adding more?
so that the small spot of liquid would be more concentrated
how was liquid separated in paper chromatography
1 the liquid dissolves in the solvent,
2 the different substances in the liquid dissolves at different rates in the solvent.
3 as the solvent moves up the paper, the solutes are carried up with it.
4 the more soluble substance will be carries further than the less soluble one.
Gold foil experiment
Nucleus carries most mass:
Atom mostly empty space:
Got nucleus:
Nucleus is positive:
Nucleus carries most mass: ocassionally, alpha particle travels back from the foil
Atom mostly empty space: most particles passed straight through the foil
Got nucleus: some particles deflect as if they hit something
Nucleus is positive: particles deflect as they are repelled by the nucleus which is positively charged
mass of electron
1/1836
conclusion of gold foil experiment and date
gold atmos must be mostly empty space, with their particles packed into a dense nucleus at the centre, 1911`
There is __________- between protons and electrons
electrostatic attraction
Who discovered neutrons
james chadwick
who discovered electrons
jj thompson
who discovered protons
rutherford
conclusion of the plum pudding model
atom was a positively charged sphere with negative electrons in it like chips
Diamond is made out of ____ and is _____
carbon, translucent
what do neutrons do
stabilize the atom’s nucleus
pure element defi
contains only one type of atom
what do you add to make diamond blue
boron
what do you add to make diamond yellow
nitrogen
what do you add to make diamond green
nitrgoen, nickel, hydrogen
sea salt equals to
sodium chloride
temperature
how hot it is
humidity
how much water vapour there is in the atmosphere
precipitatoion
rain, hail, or snow whcih falls from the clouds
what is added to gold
copper
visibility
how far you can see, depends on the atmospheric condition or darkness
meteorology
study of weather
climatology
study of climate
climate zones
polar
temperate
arid
mediterranean
tropical
mountain
temperature in the zones
polar
temperate
arid
mediterranean
tropical
mountain
polar: cold and dry
temperate: cold win, mild sum
arid: hot and dry
mediterranean: mild win, hot sum
tropical: hot and wet
mountain: very cold
what is an ice age
period where there is permanent ice on earth
how many ice ages are there
5
why are there lesser carbon dioxide
phtosynthesis
carbon locked up in fossil fuels
carbon locked up in sedimentary rocks
why carbon dioxide increase
burning fossil fuels to provide for industry adn transportatino
deforestation
farming, cattle produce co2 in there intestine
weather xefi
short term atmospheric ccondition of a small area from minute to minute, hour to hour, day to day
climate defi
average weather over a large area for a much longer time, usually at least 30 years
why do meteorologists record the weather in so much detail
looking for patterns to see if they can predict what happen in the future, important for agriculture and transportation
why is weather in ice land usually changeable
it is an island in the middle of the ocean and a long way from any other land. the winds and weather system move quickly in this area
non-renewable energy eg
coal, petrol, natural gas
bioplastic defi and eg
plastic made of renewable biomass source
vegetable oil, corn starch, saw dust, fppd waste
peat bog oldest is from the…
bottom
why does the peat bog not rot
acidic, no oxygen
what evidence atmospher has changed over time
iron oxide formed in rocks
pockets of anicent air trapped in ice cores
what ideas to support global warming
ice at poles and glaciers are melting
sea level is rising
is earth in an ice age
yes. there are still permanent ice at the poles and mountains and glaciers
difference between ice age and glacial period
ice age is when there is permanent ice somewhere one arth. in ice age, there are periods when most of the earth is frozen. that is glacial period
is earth in glacial period
no. wer are in an interglacial period with ice only at the poles, some mountains and glaciers
how do scientists know earth was colder in the past
boulders left behind by glaciers
fossil of animals and plants that live in cold places
pollen from peat bog by using auger
sedimentary rocks chemical formula
calcium oxide+carbon dioxide = calcium carbonate
greenhouse effect defi
heat energy from the sun is trapped in atmosphere
greenhouse effect eg
co2, water vapour, methane
global warming
increase in overall temperature of the earth’s temperature over time
how do tides produce electricity
tides flow in an out the generator, when it is high tide, it spins the turbine, creating electricity
bioplastic eg
seaweed, saw dust, food waste
what is balanced forces
two forces are the same and in opposite directions
what is unbalanced forces
two forces are different sizes or in same direction
what is air resistance
the opposing force to an object moving through the air
speed formuka
distance/time
moment
forcexdistance
what is distance time graphs
show object’s speed and movement patterns
what is pressure
thrust acting per unit area
pressure formu;a
force/area
pressure increases when you….
reduce contact area
liquid pressure inceeases…
with depth
moment defi
turning effect of a lever
higher ____ gas particles _______ weight of air ______, atmospheric ppressure _____
altitude, decrease, decrease, decrease
diffusion defi
movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
a balloon is sealed so air cannot escape
what will happen to the pressure inside if the temperature decrease?
pressure decrease. the air particles move slower at lower temperature, thus they collide with the walls of container less often
this man lies on nails. why no pain?
weight of man acting on hundreads of nails, os pressur esmall
why does the water eventually turn blue
the ink particles diffuse throughtout the water
why faster diffusion when tempt higher>
particles more energy, more faster
why brown gas become less intense as it further away the container
brown gas diffuse from an area of high concentration, where particles are close, so colours is darker. when particles diffuse to an area of lower concentration, there are less particles and they are further apart
smell (diffusion)
concentration of particles
the bottle fatty experiment
pressure outside greater than inside
diffusion factors
cnocentration
temperatureh
how does pressure cooker work
it has a sealed lid. water boils, steam in cooker cannot escape. gas pressure increase, tempt increase
adaptions of cactus
the roots:
no leaves:
sharp spines:
the roots: spread out widely to capture water
no leaves: no water loss in transpiration
sharp spines: prtoect from being eaten by animals
why cactus cannot grow in cold places>
cells ar ekilled if they freeze
cactus cannot grow in wetter areas because….
they cannot compete with other plants that are specifically adapted to survive in wetter areas
cactus dont have leave, they make food using———-
green stems
thermal means
heat
hydro means
water
vent means
an opening that things can pass through
why plants cannot grow at hydrothermal vent?
there is no light and it is too hot
instead of sunlight, bacteria use ________ to make food
energy in the chemicals dissolved in hot water
give two habitats of the bacteria at hydrothermal vent
giant tube worms, in hot water around the vent
mangrove roots help to support them in the _____ in _________ regoins
mud, tropical
mangrove ecosystem provides habitats for many animals because
the mangrove roots provide shelter
fish die because no mangrove, why?
no safe habitat to develop safely from predators
beavers live in ________ in north america. they are the _______ species in north america
streams and rivers, native
why were beaves brought to south america
to breed for their fur
who are beavers killed by
brown bears
how do south america control the number of water hyacinths
introduce herbivores to stop the growing number
water hyacinths quickly become inavasive species. why?
no predators
how the water hyancinths kill native plants and fish
make a thick covering so that light and oxygen cannot reach the water belwo
how water hyancinths cause difficultry for fishermen to make a liiivng
unable to catch fish because fishing boat cannot move through
why number of cane toad increase
predators that eat cane toads die due to poison
one example of predator that eat ccane toade
northern quoll
bromeliads grow on tall trees. list advantages
get more sunlight
prevent being eaten by toehr organisms
bromeliads have spiky leaves arranged in circles which trap water. suggest adavnatages
protected from predators
supply water for small animals
vitamin a defiency
night blindness
protein function
growth of new cells
fat and oil function
energy and insulation
carbo function
use in respiration to release energy
vitamin a function
help with night vision
vitamin c function
keeps skin strong
vitamin d function
sunlight
calcium function
for strong bones and teeth
iron function
to make haemoglobin
water function
a solvent for many different chemicals
fibre function
provide bulk for faeces
prevent constipation
protein source
meat and fish
fat and oil source
avacado, seeds, nuts
carbo source
rice, bread, grain
vitamin a source
green vege, carrats, dairy products
vitamin c source
orange, lemon, guava
vitamin d source
help to absob calcium
calcium source
dairy products, seeds
iron source
red meat, liver, fish liver oil
vitamin a deficiency
nnight blindness
vitamin c deficiency
scurvyc
calicum defiency
rickets
iron deficiency
anaemia
fibre deficiency
constipation
the excess carbo will be turned into _________ to be stored in ________
glycogen, lliver and muscles
which nutrients provide energy
carbo, fat, protein
what is a balanced diet
a diet in whcih the food contains all kinds of nutrients the correct amount
what is peristalsis
the moevement of food along the digestive tract
the moevement of food along the digestive tract
peristalsis
fertilisation
the fusion of a sperm and an ovum
the fertilized egg known as ________ is then divided into a ball of cells which is called ______
zygote, embryo
give 2 reasons why water is important to our body
water removes excretory waste like urea
water regulates our body’s temperature
nictoine
addictive
carbon monoxide
competes with oxygen to combine with haemoglobin
particulates
oxygen is difficult to diffuse through the alveolus
tar
cause lung cancer
cigarrete has….
nicotine
carbon monoxide
particulates
tar
to straighten the arm, the biceps _______, the triceps ____
relax, contract
eg of ball and socket joint
shoulder joint
movement of ball and socket joint
circular motion
eg of hinge joint
knee joint
movement of hinge joint
go one direction, back and forward
which bone is the triceps attached to
humerus, ulna, radius
antagonistic muscles defi
a pair of muscles which work oppositely
3 factors affefcting our diet requirements
gender
occupation
pregnancy and lactation
how do reduce heat loss from the tet tube
wrap the test tube with cotton
magnesium and sulfurci acid
magnsium sulfate hydrogne
the stuff used to abosrb water
calcium chloride
how do you test for hydrogen
test with a lighted splint, a squeaky pop sound will be heard
why is copper used for roofs and not magnesium
magnesium reactive with water
potasssium and water covert to what eneegy
thermal energy, light energy, sound energy
magnesium steam
mangsium oxide hydrogen
what is magnetic field
A magnetic field is the area around a magnet where magnetic forces can be felt.
describe how you could use a magnetic compass to detect a magnetic field
Place the compass near the magnet; the needle will align itself along the magnetic field lines, showing the direction of the field.
describe how a piece of paper and iron filings could be used to show the pattern of the magnetic field between two south poles of different magnets
Place the paper over the magnets and sprinkle iron filings. The filings will show the pattern of the magnetic field, which will show the lines pushing apart between the two south poles (repelling).
two applications of electromagnets
mri scanner
toaster
two changes to the electromagnet that would make the pointed end of the nail become south/north pole
Reverse the direction of the wire coil around the nail.
Reverse the connection to the power supply.
when switch close, end of the dails can detect pins. why
Closing the switch allows current to flow through the coil, magnetizing the nail, which attracts pins.
when switch open, pin fall off the nail. why
Opening the switch cuts the current, demagnetizing the nail, causing it to lose its magnetic properties and release the pin.
how can marcus test whether the pointed end of the nail behaves as a north pole or as a south pole
Bring a known north pole of a magnet near the pointed end. If it repels, the pointed end is a north pole; if it attracts, it is a south pole.
two advantages of using an adjustable power supply
Control the strength of the electromagnet.
Prevent overheating by limiting current.
what happens to the reading on the digital balance when the electromagnet is switched on
The reading increases as the electromagnet attracts the object on the balance.
if the connection from the electromagnet to the power supply is reversed, then the change in readings on the balance will also be reversed
The change in readings will be reversed because the polarity of the electromagnet changes, affecting the attraction or repulsion.
habitat
a place where an organism lives
ecology
study of ecosystem
food web
tyoe of interaction between the living organisms
native species
found in a certain ecosystem due to natural distribution
ddt
an insecticide which kills insects such as mosquitoes that transmit malaria
what does it mean by ddt is persistent chemical
vnnot be broken down by decomposers
ppm
parts per million
what do you do to magnetize a magnet
use the same pole of a magnet and stroke a steel bar with the magnet in the same direction
what do you do to demagnetize a magnet
heat it, drop it, hit it
how to determine poles of a manet
use compass. if it pooints towards the end of the bar, its south, if it points away, it is north
bring the north pole of a bar magnet to the end of the bar, if it attracts, its south, repel, north
dispersion
the splitting of light into its componetnts
three types of galaxies
spiral
elliptical
irregular
asteroids
object made from rocks that orbit the sun
milky way shape
spiral
closest galaxy to milky way and its shape
caniis major dwarf, elliptical
name of the glaaxy closest
milky way
the weird small shit
itokawa
why smaller asteroids impact earth frequently
earth exerts strong gravity force on passing objects
orbits are close to earth
why a permanent maagnet is not suitable for the applications of electromagnet
cannot be swtiched on and off
name teh piece of equipement that is used for navigation using the earth’s magnetic field
magnetic compass
name the magnetic metal that makes up most of the earth structure that causes the earth’s magnetic field
iron and nickel
a bar magnet is alllowed to rotate freely. explain which pole of th ebar magnet with point towards geograpphic north
The north pole of a freely rotating bar magnet points towards geographic north because it is attracted to the Earth’s magnetic south pole, which is located near the geographic north pole.
what part of the earth structure causes the earth’s magnetic field
core
state the relationship between the direction of the magnetic field lines and the direction that a magnetic ompass will point
The magnetic compass needle points in the direction of the magnetic field lines, with the north end of the compass needle aligning with the direction of the magnetic field lines emanating from the north pole of a magnet.
