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PAX > Science - General Biology > Flashcards

Science - General Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Define: DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid - controls activities of the cell

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2
Q

Define: plasma cell membrane

A

semipermeable membrane that separates contents of the cell from the surrounding fluid

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3
Q

Define: interstitial fluid

A

fluid that surrounds the contents of the cell

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4
Q

Define: cytoplasm

A

fluid matrix found between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

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5
Q

Define: ribosome

A

sites of protein synthesis in the cell

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6
Q

Define: endoplasmic reticulum

A

transport within the cell and is made up of many channels

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7
Q

Define: golgi complex

A

modifies and packages proteins destined for use in the cell or for export from the cell

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8
Q

Define: lysosome

A

eats garbage

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9
Q

Define: cell wall

A

surrounds plant cells

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10
Q

Define: chloroplast

A

contain chlorophyll important for photosynthesis

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11
Q

Define: vacuole

A

compartments inside the cytoplasm for secretion, excretion and storage

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12
Q

Define: chromatin

A

loose form of how DNA is found

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13
Q

Define: chromosomes

A

condensed rod like shaped bodies that DNA turns into when cell is dividing

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14
Q

Define: mitosis

A

cell division in which the chromosomes are doubles prior to division

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15
Q

Define: zygote

A

cell created by the union of a sperm and egg

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16
Q

Define: meiosis

A

divison in which chromosomes are doubles then two subsequent divisions happen and produce 4 daughter cells

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17
Q

Define: ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate: chemical that cells use to store and transfer energy within itself.

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18
Q

three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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19
Q

four types of connective tissue

A

cartilage, blood, fat, bone

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20
Q

what is an organ

A

various tissues combined

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21
Q

what is an organ system

A

number of organs working together to carry out a major function

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22
Q

what is an organism

A

highest level of organization, human body

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23
Q

what is the name of the book that Charles Darwin published that presented the evidence for evolution

A

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

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24
Q

what year did Charles Darwin publish “On the origin of species by means of natural selection”

A

1859

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25
Q

What is evolution?

A

theory regarding the process that have produced biological diversity

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26
Q

what were darwin two main arguments?

A
  1. the present species evolved from ancestral ones

2. evolution occurs by means of natural selection

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27
Q

what is adaption?

A

the organisms that are best fit to survive

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28
Q

what is the fossil record?

A

the evidence that supports the theory of evolution that consists of ancient remnants

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29
Q

vertebrates

A

animals with backbones

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30
Q

what is biogeography?

A

the geographical distribution of plants and animals

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31
Q

what is comparative anatomy?

A

the comparison of organisms structures

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32
Q

what is comparative embryology?

A

the comparison of organisms embryos

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33
Q

what is molecular biology?

A

biology at the molecular level

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34
Q

what is an example of evolution occurring today?

A

antibiotic resistant bacteria

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35
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

study of scientific classification that is grouped based on similarities and differences

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36
Q

what are the broadest units of classification in taxonomy?

A

kingdoms

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37
Q

what are the five kingdoms?

A

animal, plant, monera (bacteria), protist (algae) and fungi (mold, yeast)

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38
Q

what are the six specific classifications in taxonomy?

A

phylum, class, order, family, genus and species

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39
Q

how is the scientific name made up in taxonomy?

A

genus and species

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40
Q

when water is the same amount outside a cell than it is inside it is called…

A

isotonic

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41
Q

when the solute is more concentrated outside the cell than inside it is called…

A

hypertonic

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42
Q

when the solute concentration is lower than the inside of the cell it is called…

A

hypotonic

43
Q

what is filtration?

A

the movement of water and solutes through the membrane by pressure

44
Q

what are autotrophs?

A

organisms that produce their own food from inorganic substances

45
Q

what are heterotrophs?

A

consumers of plants and animals

46
Q

what are primary consumers?

A

herbivores or omnivores

47
Q

what are secondary consumers?

A

carnivores or omnivores that eat herbivores

48
Q

what are trophic levels of an ecosystem?

A

how organisms meets it nutritional needs

49
Q

what is a food chain?

A

the path along which food is transferred from level to level

50
Q

what is the interrelationship of many food chains

A

food web

51
Q

what are decomposers?

A

consume nonliving organic material and release inorganic material

52
Q

what is a biotic factor?

A

living parts of the ecosystem

53
Q

what is a abiotic factor?

A

nonliving influences such as temperature

54
Q

what is symbiosis?

A

separate species living together

55
Q

what is the symbiosis in which one organism is harmed and one is benefiting?

A

parasitism

56
Q

what is commensalism?

A

one species benefits and one remains unaffected

57
Q

what is mutualism?

A

a symbiosis in which both species benefit

58
Q

what is a biosphere?

A

entire portion of our planet that is inhabited by living things in a variety of ecosystems and communities.

59
Q

inside of a biosphere there are groups of ecosystems that are common to the various types of geographical areas, what are these geographical areas called?

A

biomes

60
Q

what biome has little precipitation and are more arid than all other biomes?

A

desert

61
Q

what biome has a relatively constant temperature with constant daylight length throughout the year, high humidity and abundant rain?

A

tropical rain forest

62
Q

what biome has air that contains enough moisture to support the growth of large trees and are found in the midlatitude regions of the world?

A

deciduous forests

63
Q

what biome is found at high and cool elevations and seasons consist of short summers and long chilly winters?

A

coniferous forests

64
Q

what biome is characterized by very cold temperatures and high altitude, trees can’t grow here but bushes and shrub can

A

tundras

65
Q

what is the process called where chlorophyll absorbs light energy in which the energy drives the synthesis of food molecules for plants

A

photosynthesis

66
Q

what is chlorophyll?

A

a pigment that is located in the chloroplast of plant cells

67
Q

carbon dioxide + water + light energy –>

A

carbohydrates + oxygen (photo synthesis)

68
Q

what covers the stem and leaves of a plant as a waxy layer that helps prevent water loss through evaporation?

A

cuticle

69
Q

what are the pores on plant leaves that allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to be released during photosynthesis without losing too much water?

A

stomates

70
Q

what part of flowering plants allow reproduction?

A

angiosperms

71
Q

what part of a flower is in charge of encasing the flower before it blooms?

A

sepals

72
Q

what are the petals useful for?

A

attracting pollinators

73
Q

what is present in the middle of petals? (flower)

A

stamen and pistils

74
Q

what does the anther do(flower)?

A

place of pollen production

75
Q

what does the stamen do(flower)?

A

consists of the filament

76
Q

what does the filament do (flower)?

A

supports the anther

77
Q

what does the pistil do (flower)?

A

consists of the stigma

78
Q

what does the stigma do (flower)?

A

receives pollen

79
Q

what does the style do (flower)?

A

leads to the ovary

80
Q

what is the ovary of the flower?

A

contains ovules and where fertilization occurs

81
Q

what happens after fertilization of the flower?

A

ovules within the ovary develop into seeds

82
Q

after fertilization what happens to the walls of the flower ovary?

A

the ovary thickens to protect the seed

83
Q

what is a fruit?

A

thick fleshy protective layer after flower fertilization

84
Q

what are genes?

A

instructions for all living things that determines characteristics of an organism

85
Q

what are the pairs that genes are found in?

A

alleles

86
Q

what is it called when an individual has two identical genes for a trait?

A

homozygous

87
Q

who first explained and created the laws of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment?

A

Gregor Mendel

88
Q

what is the law of dominance?

A

the dominant trait is expressed and recessive is masked

89
Q

what is it called when an individual has one dominant and one recessive trait?

A

heterozygous

90
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

the physical trait expressed

91
Q

what is the law of segregation?

A

(punnet square) when two heterozygous reproduce, the hidden trait appears 25% in the offspring

92
Q

what is the law of independent assortment?

A

genes on different chromosomes are inherited independently of each other

93
Q

what does it mean when traits are linked?

A

when genes for different traits are in the same chromosome

94
Q

what is codominance?

A

when a heterozygote trait expresses a mixture of the two traits – a red trait and a white trait mix to make RW

95
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes are autosomes? (NONSEX)

A

22

96
Q

XX

A

female

97
Q

XY

A

male

98
Q

what are sex linked traits?

A

genes that are only found on the X chromosome

99
Q

what are the names of the two men who first came up with the model that explains the structure of DNA?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

100
Q

what are the thousand of units that make up DNA?

A

nucleotides

101
Q

what is each nucleotide composed of?

A

phosphate group, deoxyribose, nitrogenous base

102
Q

what is deoxyribose?

A

five carbon sugar

103
Q

what is the process called where forming m-rna according to the information contained the dna molecule

A

transcription

PAX (12 decks)

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