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Science Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 uses for artificial satellites/probes

A

Communication, monitoring conditions on Earth, exploring the solar system

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2
Q

How are other planets visible?

A

Light from the Sun is emitted in all directions. Some light reflects off the surface of planets and travels to Earth (and into our eyes)

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3
Q

What force keeps planets in orbit around the Sun and the Moon in orbit around Earth?

A

Gravity

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4
Q

In what direction does Gravity act?

A

Towards the centre of a mass

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5
Q

What equation links gravity, weight and mass?

A

Weight = Mass x G

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6
Q

What is the gravitational field strength on Earth?

A

10N/Kg

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7
Q

Excluding Pluto, name the order of the planets in the solar system (closest to Sun first)

A

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

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8
Q

What is the name of Earth’s natural satellite?

A

The Moon

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9
Q

What’s the name of the galaxy our solar system is part of?

A

The Milky Way

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10
Q

What is the Universe made up of?

A

Many millions of groups of stars or galaxies

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11
Q

What is a light-year?

A

The distance light travels in one Earth year (travelling at 300,000,000 m/s)

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12
Q

What is the cause of day and night on Earth?

A

The rotation of the Earth on its axis (once every 24 hours)

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13
Q

What is the cause of the seasons on Earth?

A

Earth’s axis is tilted at 23.5 degrees. This means that at any one time, one hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun

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14
Q

When does a solar eclipse occur?

A

When the moon’s orbit places it directly between Earth and the Sun, blocking light from the Sun reaching one part of the Earth.

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15
Q

When does a lunar eclipse occur?

A

When the Moon is in the shadow of the Earth.

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16
Q

What is the length of the Moon’s orbit around the Earth?

A

28 days, which leads to the phases of the Moon (e.g. New Moon, Full Moon).

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17
Q

What is created when a current flows through a coil of wire?

A

A magnetic field similar to that of a bar magnet.

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18
Q

How can we visualize an invisible magnetic field?

A

By using plotting compasses or iron filings.

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19
Q

What are some of the uses of electromagnets?

A
  • Lifting magnets (scrap yard)
  • Relays
  • DC motors
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20
Q

How do the poles of two different magnets interact?

A

Like poles repel each other, unlike poles attract.

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21
Q

In what direction does a magnetic field flow?

A

From North to South (shown with arrows).

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22
Q

What energy transfers happen in a battery/cell?

A

Chemical energy to electrical energy, then electrical is converted into other forms by components.

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23
Q

What is the name of the unit of electrical current?

A

Ampere (Amp).

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24
Q

What device measures current and how should it be placed in a circuit?

A

An ammeter - always placed in series.

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25
Q

How can current be defined?

A

The rate of flow of charge in a circuit.

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26
Q

How does current behave in series and parallel circuits?

A
  • Series: same everywhere
  • Parallel: splits between the branches of the circuit.
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27
Q

What is an insulator?

A

A material that has a very high resistance.

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28
Q

What is a conductor?

A

A material with a very low resistance.

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29
Q

What does LDR stand for?

A

Light Dependent Resistor.

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30
Q

What is the relationship between resistance and light intensity with an LDR?

A

The higher the light intensity, the lower the resistance (the larger the current).

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31
Q

What is the relationship between resistance and temperature with a Thermistor?

A

The higher the temperature, the lower the resistance (the larger the current).

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32
Q

How do you find the volume of a regularly shaped object?

A

L x W x H

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33
Q

How do you find the volume of an irregularly shaped object?

A

Water displacement (put object in cylinder with water, measure new volume of water, minus new volume from original volume)

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34
Q

What is the equation for calculating pressure?

A

P = F / A

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35
Q

Name 2 commonly used units for pressure

A
  • N/m² (Pa)
  • N/cm²
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36
Q

What is the result of a large force on a small area?

A

A very large pressure

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37
Q

Name 2 forces that act against a moving object

A
  • Friction
  • Air resistance (Drag)
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38
Q

What can affect a car’s stopping distance?

A
  • The surface of the road
  • The speed of the car
  • The reaction speed of the driver
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39
Q

What can unbalanced forces do to a moving object?

A

Change its speed and/or direction

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40
Q

What is the overall force (and direction) acting on an object called?

A

The resultant force

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41
Q

If all the forces on an object are balanced, what will be the value of the resultant force?

A

0 (Zero) N

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42
Q

What ‘e’ word describes balanced forces?

A

Equilibrium

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43
Q

How can forces be represented on a diagram?

A

With arrows that show the direction and size of the force

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44
Q

If the forward force (thrust) increases on a moving object and all other forces stay the same, what will the object do?

A

Accelerate

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45
Q

What does a straight, diagonal line upwards mean on a distance-time graph?

A

Constant speed

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46
Q

What does a straight, horizontal line mean on a speed-time graph?

A

Constant speed

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47
Q

Using a speed-time graph, how can you calculate the distance travelled?

A

By working out the area under the line

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48
Q

Complete the Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be…

A

Created or destroyed, but can be transferred from one store to another

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49
Q

Name the 7 energy stores

A
  • Gravitational
  • Electrical
  • Thermal
  • Nuclear
  • Elastic
  • Chemical
  • Kinetic
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50
Q

What is special about diodes (e.g. LEDs)?

A

They only allow current to flow in one direction.

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51
Q

Why do appliances have fuses?

A

So that the fuse blows (wire inside breaks) if the current gets too high - which prevents electrical fires.

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52
Q

What is the difference between a cell and a battery?

A

A battery is made up of 2 or more cells in series.

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53
Q

What is dispersion of light?

A

When white light is split into a spectrum of colours (each with a different frequency) by an object such as a prism.

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54
Q

In what order does light always disperse?

A

Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet (ROY G BIV).

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55
Q

What is refraction?

A

Light changing direction when it reaches a boundary between two different media.

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56
Q

When light passes, at an angle other than 90 degrees, from air to glass, which way will it bend?

A

It will bend towards the normal since glass is more dense than air.

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57
Q

What is the Law of Reflection?

A

Angle of incidence = angle of reflection.

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58
Q

How is an angle of incidence measured?

A

From the ray of light to the Normal line.

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59
Q

How do we see non-luminous objects?

A

Light reflects off non-luminous objects and some of this light enters our eyes.

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60
Q

How does light travel?

A

In straight lines, at 300,000,000 m/s and can travel through a vacuum.

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61
Q

In what units do we measure the frequency of sound?

A

Hertz (Hz).

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62
Q

What does frequency refer to when discussing sound?

A

The pitch (high frequency = high pitch).

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63
Q

What can happen to humans when exposed to sounds above 120 dB?

A

Permanent hearing damage.

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64
Q

What is the range of hearing of humans?

A

20 - 20,000 Hz.

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65
Q

What does the amplitude of a sound wave refer to?

A

The loudness/volume of a sound.

66
Q

How is amplitude measured?

A

In metres - and is the length between the normal line and the peak of a wave.

67
Q

Through which material does sound travel the fastest?

A

Solids (as they are generally more dense than liquids and gases).

68
Q

What is the equation for Density?

A

D = M / V.

69
Q

Name 2 appropriate units for density.

A
  • g/cm³
  • Kg/m³
70
Q

Name the 5 energy pathways

A

Mechanical, electrical, radiation (light and sound), chemical reaction, heating

71
Q

What is the unit for energy?

A

Joule (J)

72
Q

What is the ultimate source of all energy on the planet?

A

The Sun

73
Q

How did fossil fuels form?

A

Plant and animal remains buried by layers of mud and silt, and experienced heat and pressure

74
Q

What are the 3 fossil fuels?

A

Coal, Oil, Natural Gas

75
Q

Name 2 advantages of renewable energy resources

A

Can be replenished in a lifetime, Do not emit harmful gases such as CO₂ and SO₂

76
Q

Name 2 advantages of non-renewable energy resources

A

They burn efficiently producing a lot of heat energy, They are relatively inexpensive compared to some renewable energy resources

77
Q

Name 3 negative effects of acid rain

A

Corrosion of limestone structures, Acidification of soils (lime needed), Acidification of lakes and rivers

78
Q

Which gas causes the formation of acid rain?

A

Sulphur dioxide (SO₂)

79
Q

What pH are metal oxides?

A

pH > 7

80
Q

What pH are non-metal oxides?

A

pH < 7

81
Q

What would blue and red litmus paper do if you dipped them into NaOH?

A

Blue would stay blue, Red would turn blue

82
Q

What colour would be observed if Universal Indicator was placed in HCl?

A

Red/Orange

83
Q

Fill in the blank: Acid + Base = _______

A

Salt + water

84
Q

Fill in the blank: Acid + Metal = _______

A

Salt + Hydrogen

85
Q

Fill in the blank: Acid + Metal Carbonate = _______

A

Salt + water + carbon dioxide

86
Q

Name 2 chemical tests for water

A

Anhydrous copper sulphate (white to blue), Cobalt chloride (blue to pink)

87
Q

What is the chemical test for hydrogen gas?

A

Lit splint # squeaky pop

This test indicates the presence of hydrogen gas by producing a distinctive sound.

88
Q

Why are metals such as potassium never found in their elemental state?

A

They are too reactive and so only found in compounds

Highly reactive metals readily combine with other elements, preventing them from existing in their pure elemental form.

89
Q

How is iron extracted from iron ore?

A

By reacting iron oxide with carbon in a blast furnace to produce carbon dioxide and iron

This method is a common industrial process for obtaining iron from its ore.

90
Q

What is the order of the Metal Reactivity Series?

A

K, Na, Li, Ca, Mg, Al, C, Zn, Fe, H, Cu, Ag, Au

This series ranks metals based on their reactivity, with potassium being the most reactive.

91
Q

What uses of copper are related to its reactivity?

A

Does not rust (water pipes), Can conduct electricity (electrical wiring)

Copper’s low reactivity makes it ideal for applications where corrosion resistance is important.

92
Q

What would happen in a reaction between sodium chloride and iron?

A

Iron would displace sodium in sodium chloride

This is a typical single displacement reaction due to iron’s higher reactivity compared to sodium.

93
Q

What products would be formed if potassium reacted with zinc sulphate?

A

Potassium sulphate and zinc

Potassium’s strong reactivity allows it to displace zinc in this reaction.

94
Q

Why are gold and silver so expensive?

A

They have a very low reactivity which means they retain their lustre (shine) for a long time

The low reactivity contributes to their desirability and value.

95
Q

What 2 conditions are needed for iron to rust?

A

Presence of oxygen and water

Rusting is an electrochemical process that requires both elements to occur.

96
Q

What percentage of air is oxygen?

A

21%

Oxygen is a major component of the Earth’s atmosphere, essential for combustion and respiration.

97
Q

If the compound potassium permanganate breaks down into products with heat alone, what type of reaction is it?

A

Thermal Decomposition

This type of reaction involves breaking down a compound into simpler substances using heat.

98
Q

What 2 products are always formed when any fuel (sugar, oil, coal, natural gas) is burnt?

A

Carbon dioxide and water (and heat)

Combustion reactions typically yield these products along with energy.

99
Q

What is the chemical test for oxygen?

A

Glowing splint B relights

This test demonstrates the presence of oxygen, as it reignites a glowing splint.

100
Q

What is the chemical test for carbon dioxide?

A

Bubble through limewater # turns cloudy/milky

This test indicates carbon dioxide presence through the formation of calcium carbonate.

101
Q

How is a Bunsen flame described when the air hole is closed?

A

Lower temperature, yellow/visible, known as safety flame

This type of flame is less efficient and produces soot.

102
Q

How is a Bunsen flame described when the air hole is open?

A

Higher temperature, used for strong heating, known as roaring flame

This flame is more efficient for heating due to complete combustion.

103
Q

What products are formed when copper oxide is heated strongly with magnesium?

A

Magnesium oxide + copper

This reaction demonstrates the ability of magnesium to reduce copper oxide.

104
Q

What is meant by conservation of mass?

A

In a chemical reaction, the total mass of reactants is always equal to the total mass of products

This principle underlies the law of conservation in chemistry.

105
Q

What is a solute?

A

A soluble substance added to a solvent to make a solution

Solutes can be solid, liquid, or gas that dissolve in a solvent.

106
Q

What name is given to a solution that contains the maximum amount of a solute?

A

Saturated

107
Q

How does solubility vary with temperature?

A

In general, as temperature of a solvent increases, so does the solubility of substances in it

108
Q

Which method of separation relies on different boiling points?

A

Simple/Fractional distillation

109
Q

Where is cold water put into a Liebig condenser?

A

At the bottom (furthest from the Bunsen)

110
Q

How is an insoluble solid recovered from a mixture containing a liquid?

A

Filtration

111
Q

What is the name of a solid left on filter paper after filtrations?

A

Residue

112
Q

What is the boiling and melting point of pure and impure water?

A

Pure: 100 and 0 degrees C; Impure: >100 and <0 degrees C

113
Q

Outline the composition of the atmosphere

A

N2 = 78%, O2 = 21%, CO2 = 0.04%, Other gases and water vapour = 1%

114
Q

How are metals described?

A

Hard, Shiny, High mpt/bpt, malleable, ductile, sonorous, good conductors of heat and electricity

115
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest unit of matter

116
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance made up of only one type of atom (there are approx. 100 types)

117
Q

What is a compound?

A

2 or more different elements chemically combined

118
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A group of atoms chemically combined (e.g. O2, C6H12O6)

119
Q

Name the changes of state from solid to gas and back again

A

Melting, boiling, condensation, solidification

120
Q

What is the name of the change of state from a solid to a gas?

A

Sublimation

121
Q

How do gas particles create pressure when in a container?

A

Particles move in random directions and collide with the inner surface of the container. Pressure is the sum of the forces of the collisions

122
Q

What are the 5 major kingdoms that all life is divided into?

A

Plants, Animals, Bacteria, Fungi, Single-celled organisms

123
Q

How is the animal Kingdom divided into 2 main groups?

A

Vertebrates and invertebrates

124
Q

How is the vertebrate group divided?

A

Mammals, amphibians, birds, fish and reptiles

125
Q

What are the main characteristics of mammals?

A

Fur/Hair, give birth to live young, feed young with milk

126
Q

What are the main characteristics of amphibians?

A

Breathe through skin and lungs, moist skin, lay eggs

127
Q

In humans, what are examples of inherited variation?

A

Blood group, hair colour, eye colour

128
Q

In humans what are examples of environmental variation?

A

Accent, scars

129
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

Variation that can be classified into groups e.g. blood group: A, B, AB, O (only)

130
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

Variation that can be placed on a numerical scale e.g. height, weight

131
Q

What are the 2 main factors that can influence a population size?

A

Predation and competition for resources

132
Q

Name 3 ways to collect samples when studying a population.

A
  • Pooters
  • Pitfall traps
  • Quadrats
133
Q

What do the arrows in a food chain represent?

A

The flow of energy along the chain (each trophic level)

134
Q

Explain what producers, herbivores, and carnivores are.

A
  • Producers: carry out photosynthesis
  • Herbivores: primary consumers (eat producers)
  • Carnivores: secondary and tertiary consumers (eat primary consumers)
135
Q

Which 2 processes that living organisms carry out maintain a natural balance of the carbon cycle?

A

Photosynthesis and respiration

136
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in humans?

A

Glucose → Lactic acid + energy

Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces lactic acid as a byproduct.

137
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A

Glucose → Ethanol + CO2

This process is also known as fermentation, which is utilized in brewing and baking.

138
Q

In cells, where does respiration take place?

A

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell where aerobic respiration occurs.

139
Q

How are root hair cells specialised for their function?

A

They have a protrusion which vastly increases the surface area to absorb water

This adaptation helps in maximizing water and nutrient uptake from the soil.

140
Q

How do plants transport water from roots to leaves?

A

Through vessels called the Xylem

Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

141
Q

Which mineral do plants need to absorb from the soil to make chlorophyll?

A

Magnesium

Without magnesium, plants may exhibit yellowing of leaves due to insufficient chlorophyll production.

142
Q

Name the layers of a leaf from the top surface to bottom surface.

A

Waxy cuticle, Upper epidermis, Palisade, Spongy mesophyll, Lower epidermis

These layers play specific roles in protecting the leaf and facilitating photosynthesis.

143
Q

What is the function of the stomata?

A

To allow CO2 into the leaf (for photosynthesis)

Stomata are small openings on the leaf surface that regulate gas exchange.

144
Q

Why is elodea a good plant to use to study the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Being an aquatic plant, the oxygen produced can be seen/counted as bubbles

This visual representation allows for easy measurement of photosynthesis rates.

145
Q

What does a plant do with the glucose made during photosynthesis?

A

1) Converts into starch for storage
2) Makes cellulose cell walls
3) For respiration (day & night)

These processes are crucial for plant growth and energy management.

146
Q

Name a bacterial and viral infection.

A

Bacterial: Meningitis; Viral: Influenza

Meningitis is an infection of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, while influenza is a common viral infection affecting the respiratory system.

147
Q

What are the body’s natural defences against harmful microbes?

A

Skin, mucus, white blood cells

These components work together to prevent infections and respond to pathogens.

148
Q

What are the main harmful chemicals in cigarette smoke and what do they do?

A

Nicotine - addictive; Tar - reduces efficient gas exchange and can cause cancer; Carbon monoxide - reduces the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen

These chemicals contribute significantly to health issues associated with smoking.

149
Q

What are the main negative effects of alcohol on the human body?

A

Liver cirrhosis (permanent damage); Addiction; Very poor reaction speeds/impaired judgement

Chronic alcohol consumption can lead to severe health problems and impair cognitive functions.

150
Q

What 3 parts of a flower constitute the female organs?

A

Carpel - Ovary, style & stigma

These structures are essential for reproduction in flowering plants.

151
Q

What are the male parts of a flower called?

A

Anther and filament

These components make up the stamen, which is responsible for pollen production.

152
Q

What is pollination?

A

Transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma of a flower of the same species

153
Q

What does the pollen do when it lands on a stigma of the same species?

A

It creates a tube down the style for the nucleus to reach the ovary

154
Q

What is fertilisation in plants?

A

When the nucleus of the pollen grain fuses with the nucleus of an ovule

155
Q

What does the fertilised ovule in a plant become?

A

The seed - with the ovary swelling to form the fruit

156
Q

What 2 mechanisms are used for pollination?

A
  • Insects
  • Wind
157
Q

What are the features of a wind-pollinated flower?

A
  • Small, dull petals
  • Feathery stigma
  • Stamen dangling outside flower
  • Large amounts of light pollen
  • No nectary
158
Q

Why is it important for seeds to be dispersed away from the parent plant?

A

To reduce competition for light, water, nutrients, space between the parent and offspring plant

159
Q

What mechanisms can be used for seed dispersal?

A
  • Water
  • Wind
  • Animal
  • Self
160
Q

What are the conditions required for a seed to germinate?

A
  • Water
  • Oxygen
  • Warmth
161
Q

What are the three main parts of a seed?

A
  • Seed coat
  • Embryo
  • Food store

Chemisty (4 decks)

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