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Chemisty > Energy > Flashcards

Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What are fossil fuels formed from?

A

The organic remains of plants and animals

Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas.

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2
Q

How do plants originally get their energy?

A

From the Sun in photosynthesis

This process is crucial for the growth of plants.

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3
Q

What happens to plant and animal remains after they are covered by sediment?

A

They undergo intense heat and pressure, changing into coal, oil, and gas

This transformation is part of the fossil fuel formation process.

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4
Q

What type of environment contributes to the formation of coal?

A

Swampy conditions

Coal is primarily formed from dead plants in these environments.

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5
Q

What are crude oil and natural gas formed from?

A

The remains of small microscopic marine creatures and plants

These organisms contribute significantly to the formation of these fossil fuels.

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6
Q

What percentage of electricity was produced from fossil fuels in the past couple of years?

A

Electricity produced from fossil fuels has dropped from 75% to around 50%.

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7
Q

How is electricity generated from fossil fuels?

A

Fossil fuels are burnt to generate electricity in power stations.

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8
Q

What happens to water in a boiler when fossil fuels are burnt?

A

Water gains energy and changes state from liquid water to water vapour.

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9
Q

What does water vapour do in the electricity generation process?

A

Water vapour turns a turbine.

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10
Q

What does the turbine do in the electricity generation process?

A

The turbine turns a generator that generates electricity.

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11
Q

How is electricity distributed after it is generated?

A

Electricity is then carried over the national grid to homes, schools and businesses.

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12
Q

What do burning fossil fuels produce?

A

Burning fossil fuels produce carbon dioxide.

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13
Q

What is the chemical reaction for burning fossil fuels?

A

Fuel + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.

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14
Q

What do fossil fuels contain that reacts with oxygen?

A

Fossil fuels contain carbon.

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15
Q

What gas is formed when carbon reacts with oxygen?

A

Carbon dioxide is formed.

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16
Q

What type of gas is carbon dioxide?

A

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.

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17
Q

What do greenhouse gases contribute to?

A

Greenhouse gases contribute to climate change.

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18
Q

What does sulfur inside coal react with?

A

Sulfur inside coal reacts with oxygen.

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19
Q

What gas is formed from sulfur reacting with oxygen?

A

Sulfur dioxide is formed.

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20
Q

What is the cause of acid rain?

A

Sulfur dioxide is the cause of acid rain.

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21
Q

What are physical changes?

A

Physical changes rearrange particles or alter their energy levels but do not form new substances.

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22
Q

What happens to the total mass during physical changes?

A

The total mass stays constant when changing between states of matter.

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23
Q

What are examples of physical changes?

A

Examples include changes of state (solid, liquid, gas), dissolving, and breaking objects.

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24
Q

What are changes of state?

A

Changes of state are physical changes.

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25
Q

What are the three states of matter?

A

Solid, liquid, and gas.

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26
Q

What is sublimation?

A

Sublimation is the transition of matter directly from solid to gas without entering the liquid phase.

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27
Q

What is melting?

A

Melting is the transition from solid to liquid.

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28
Q

What is freezing?

A

Freezing is the transition from liquid to solid.

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29
Q

What is boiling?

A

Boiling is the transition from liquid to gas.

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30
Q

What is condensing?

A

Condensing is the transition from gas to liquid.

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31
Q

Do changes of state alter the chemical composition of a substance?

A

No, changes of state occur without altering the chemical composition of the substance.

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32
Q

What happens when a solid dissolves?

A

Its particles mix with a liquid solvent.

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33
Q

What happens to the total mass when a solid dissolves?

A

The total mass remains constant as no new substances are made.

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34
Q

Can dissolving be reversed?

A

Yes, dissolving can be reversed by evaporating the solvent.

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35
Q

What are the properties of solids?

A

Solids have tightly-packed particles, making them incompressible and unable to flow.

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36
Q

What are the properties of liquids and gases?

A

Liquids and gases have free-moving particles, allowing them to flow and change shape.

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37
Q

What is the property of gases regarding particle spacing?

A

Gases have large spaces between the particles making them easy to compress.

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38
Q

What is unusual about the density of ice compared to liquid water?

A

Ice is less dense than liquid water, allowing it to float.

Water = more dense.

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39
Q

How does density change during state changes for most substances?

A

In most substances, density decreases during state change from a solid to a liquid and from a liquid to a gas.

40
Q

What is the gravitational potential energy store?

A

Objects raised above ground level.

41
Q

What is the kinetic energy store?

A

Moving objects.

42
Q

What is the elastic potential energy store?

A

Stretched or compressed objects.

43
Q

What is the chemical energy store?

A

Food, fuel, batteries.

44
Q

What is the magnetic energy store?

A

Magnets.

45
Q

What is the electrostatic energy store?

A

Electric charges.

46
Q

What is the thermal energy store?

A

Objects when they release heat.

47
Q

What happens to energy when something happens to an object?

A

Energy is transferred from one store to another.

48
Q

What are the four main ways energy can be transferred?

A
  1. Mechanically - through forces causing movement.
  2. By heating - from hotter to colder objects.
  3. Electrically - charges moving in a circuit.
  4. By radiating - waves carrying energy.
49
Q

How is energy transferred mechanically?

A

Through forces causing movement.

50
Q

How is energy transferred by heating?

A

From hotter to colder objects.

51
Q

How is energy transferred electrically?

A

Charges moving in a circuit.

52
Q

How is energy transferred by radiating?

A

Waves carrying energy.

53
Q

What are the different forms of energy?

A

Energy comes in different forms and can be stored in objects and systems, such as in fuel, food, or batteries.

54
Q

What happens when energy is transferred from its store?

A

When energy is transferred from its store, work is done.

55
Q

What is an example of energy storage and transfer?

A

An archer’s bow stores elastic potential energy. When released, this is transferred mechanically to the kinetic store of the arrow.

56
Q

What are energy transfers linked to?

A

Energy transfers are linked to forces and distances.

57
Q

What happens when a force makes an object move?

A

Energy is transferred.

58
Q

What factors determine the amount of energy transferred?

A

The amount transferred depends on the force applied in newtons (N) and the distance moved in metres (m).

59
Q

What is the equation that describes the relationship between force, distance moved, and energy transferred?

A

Energy transferred (J) = Force (N) × Distance moved (m).

60
Q

Can a large force moving a small distance transfer the same energy as a smaller force over a larger distance?

A

Yes, a large force moving something a small distance can transfer the same amount of energy as a smaller force acting over a further distance.

61
Q

What is the first step to calculate energy transferred?

A

State the force in newtons (N)

62
Q

What is the second step to calculate energy transferred?

A

State the distance moved in metres (m)

63
Q

What is the equation for calculating energy transferred?

A

Energy transferred (J) = Force (N) × Distance moved (m)

64
Q

What is energy transfer by heating?

A

Energy can be transferred between objects by heating.

65
Q

What happens when there is a temperature difference between two objects?

A

Energy will be transferred from the hotter object to the cooler object.

66
Q

What is thermal equilibrium?

A

The point at which two objects reach the same temperature.

67
Q

What are the two main ways energy can be transferred by heating?

A
  1. Conduction
  2. Radiation
68
Q

What is conduction?

A

Conduction is the transfer of heat energy by direct contact between particles.

69
Q

What happens to particles in a hot object during conduction?

A

Particles in a hot object start vibrating more as they gain kinetic energy.

70
Q

How do vibrating particles transfer energy?

A

Vibrating particles pass energy to neighboring particles by direct contact.

71
Q

What is required for conduction to occur?

A

Objects must be touching for conduction to occur.

72
Q

What direction does energy transfer in conduction?

A

Energy transfers from the hotter object to the colder object.

73
Q

What is the result of conduction between hot and cold objects?

A

The hot object cools down while the cold object heats up.

74
Q

What is radiation?

A

Radiation involves the emission of invisible waves that transfer energy.

75
Q

Do objects need to touch for radiation to occur?

A

No, radiation does not rely on particle contact.

76
Q

What happens to a hot object in terms of energy?

A

The hot object radiates more energy than it absorbs, causing it to cool down.

77
Q

What happens to a cool object when it absorbs radiation?

A

The cool object absorbs radiation from the hot object, causing it to heat up.

78
Q

What are materials that easily transfer energy called?

A

These materials are called conductors.

79
Q

What are materials that do not transfer energy well called?

A

These materials are called insulators.

80
Q

What effect does wrapping an object in an insulator have?

A

It slows down energy transfer.

81
Q

How do insulators affect temperature?

A

Insulators help keep hot things hot and cold things cold.

82
Q

What is the principle of conservation of energy regarding usefulness?

A

Energy is only useful when it is transferred between stores.

83
Q

What happens when there is no transfer of energy?

A

Energy is not useful.

84
Q

What is an example of energy transfer in machines?

A

Useful machines rely on transferring energy from one store, such as chemical energy in fuel, to power the machine.

85
Q

What is required for devices like lamps and engines to work?

A

There must be an energy transfer taking place.

86
Q

What happens during energy transfers?

A

Some energy always gets wasted, usually as heat.

87
Q

What does the total energy output equal?

A

The total energy output will equal the total energy input.

88
Q

What typically happens to energy during transfers?

A

Not all of it ends up being put to useful work; the rest warms up the surroundings.

89
Q

What do energy transfer diagrams represent?

A

Energy transfer diagrams represent the transfer of energy between different stores.

90
Q

What do the boxes in energy transfer diagrams show?

A

The boxes show the energy stores.

91
Q

What do the arrows in energy transfer diagrams indicate?

A

The arrows indicate the direction of energy transfer.

92
Q

What can be included in energy transfer diagrams to show amounts transferring?

A

Energy values can be included to show amounts transferring.

93
Q

How do energy transfer diagrams help us?

A

They help visualize how energy moves between different places and forms.

94
Q

What is the principle of conservation of energy?

A

It is one of the most important principles in physics stating that energy cannot be created nor destroyed.

95
Q

What does the principle of conservation of energy state?

A
  1. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
  2. Energy is only ever transferred from one store to another store.
96
Q

What happens to energy according to the principle of conservation of energy?

A

Energy never disappears; it simply moves to a different energy store, where it takes on a different form.

Chemisty (4 decks)

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