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Enlgish Usage > Science Finals D: > Flashcards

Science Finals D: Flashcards

1
Q

what does WHMIS stand for ?

A

Workplace Hazardous Material Information .

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2
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of living things ?

A
  1. Living things respond to their environment
  2. Living things need energy
  3. Living things grow
  4. Living things reproduce
  5. Living things must get ride of waste
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3
Q

Electron micrographics

A

Images from electron microscopes

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4
Q

Scanning electron microscope ( SEM )

A

Used to see small details like bacteria

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5
Q

Who was one of the first to build a microscope ?

A

Leeuwenhoek

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6
Q

How much could one of Leeuwenhoek’s microscope magnify ?

A

250X

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7
Q

What are the nine pieces of a microscope ?

A
  1. Eye piece
  2. Revolving nosepiece
  3. Arm
  4. Objective lenses
  5. Stage
  6. Light source
  7. Coarse focus knob
  8. Fine focus knob
  9. Base
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8
Q

🎆 eyepiece

A

Used for viewing and contains a lens that magnifies

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9
Q

🎆 arm

A

Supports the eyepiece

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10
Q

🎆 coarse focus knob

A

Brings an object into focus at low or medium power

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11
Q

🎆 fine focus knob

A

Brings an object into focus at high power

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12
Q

🎆 Objective lenses

A

Magnify the image . 3 or 4

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13
Q

🎆 revolving nosepiece

A

Holds the three objective lenses

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14
Q

🎆 stage

A

Supports the slide . Stage clips .

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15
Q

Light source

A

Supplies the light needed to view the slide

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16
Q

🎆 base

A

Supports the entire microscope

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17
Q

How do you determine magnification power ?

A

Objective lens x eye piece lens

Example

Low power
4x 10 = 40 magnification power

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18
Q

What happens when you look into a compound light microscope ?

A

Inverted and reversed

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19
Q

Resolving power

A

The ability to distinguish between two dots or objects that are very close together .

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20
Q

What is the resolving power of a compound light microscope ?

A

0.2 microns ( um)

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21
Q

What is a wet mount slide ?

What is the point of this ?

A

Place a bit of water on a slide . Add water to the corner or put your object on to the water . Carefully add a plastic over .

This keeps the lenses from getting dirty

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22
Q

Names of cell organelles ?

A

Membranes, mitochondria ,Golgi body , cytoplasm, ribosomes , endoplasmic recticulum, cell wall , vesicles , chloroplast , nucleus

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23
Q

Organelle

A

Organelle is a cell structure in which functions are carried out to ensure the cell’s survival

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24
Q

Cell membrane

A

The protection dome is a protective barrier that controls the flow of materials in and out of the colony .
Surrounds organelles

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25
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly like substance
Liquid atmosphere inside .
Fills in the organelle

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26
Q

Nucleus

A

Organelle that controls all the activities within a cell

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27
Q

What does the nucleus contain ?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA

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28
Q

DNA

A

Carries the heredity material that is passed on from generation to generation

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29
Q

Mitochondria

A

Energy producers in the cell . Carries out cellular respiration to produce energy for the cell

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30
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Occurs when the chemical energy we take in food we eat is changed into energy that our cells use to Cary out their activities

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31
Q

Metabolism

A

The total of all the chemical reactions that take place in our cells

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32
Q

What is the main difference between plant and animal cells ?

A

Animal cells do not have a cell wall or a chloroplast

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33
Q

Ribosomes

A

Assembles proteins like a small factory that manufactures proteins

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34
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Ribosomes are usually attached .

Network of membrane- covered channels that look a bit like folds of a fan . Transfers protein

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35
Q

Golgi body

A

Sorts proteins and packs them into membrane-wrapped structures called vesicles

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36
Q

Vesicles

A

Function like a mail system . Carries proteins, nutrients and water around the cell

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37
Q

Vacuoles

A

Temporary storage compartments that sometimes store waste

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38
Q

Lysosomes

A

When organelles wear out, they are broken down and recycled called lysosomes .

Contains digestive chemicals that break down food particles, crew wastes , and worn-out cell parts .

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39
Q

Cell wall

A

Tough structure that surrounds the cell membrane

Provides protection

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40
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Trap energy from the sun and change it into chemical energy

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41
Q

Cell theory

A
  • the cell is the basic unit of life
  • all organisms are composed of one or more cells
  • all cells come from other living cells
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42
Q

Who was Robert Hooke ?

A

In 1665 , observed that living things contain “ cells “

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43
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Type of cell whose organelles are not surrounded by membranes

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44
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Type of cell whose organelles are surrounded by membranes .

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45
Q

Bacteria

A

Bacteria are prokaryotic cells

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46
Q

How do viruses reproduce ?

A

Viruses are not alive . They carry information ( DNA ) necessary to reproduce it self . Tricks the host cell into making new virus particles

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47
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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48
Q

Concentration

A

refers to the amount of substance in a given space

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49
Q

Selectively permeable membranes

A

It allows some materials to pass through it but keeps other materials out .

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50
Q

Equilibrium

A

Equal number of particles on both sides . Particles will move back and forth but the number of particles on both sides continue to stay the same .

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51
Q

Osmosis

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water particles through a selectively permeable membrane

Water particles move from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

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52
Q

Three examples of osmosis

A

1) water particles move in and out of the cell at the same rate ( cell retains its normal shape )
2) water particles move in and out of the cell by osmosis ( cell swells )
3) water particles leave the cell by osmosis ( cell shrinks )

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53
Q

Reverse osmosis

A

Water flows from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration across a selectively permeable membrane .

Flow only happens when the pressure on lower concentration side of the membrane is increased .

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54
Q

What are 3 basic characteristics of systems ?

A
  1. a system is made of individual parts that work together as a whole
  2. A system is usually connected to one or more systems
  3. If one part of a system is missing or damaged, the system will function well or may not function at all
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55
Q

What is an organ system and why are tissues important to them ?

A

Each body system is called an organ system . Groups of tissue form organs .

Example : heart cells work together to form heart tissue

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56
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Assists in body movement

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57
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Transfers signals in the body and its organs to tell the body how to respond to changes in its internal and external environments

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58
Q

Connective tissue

A

Connective tissue holds together and supports other tissues .
Also protects and insulates organs

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59
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers the surface of organs and the body . Lines the inside of mouth, esophagus and stomach .

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60
Q

Circulatory system

A

Transports blood, nutrients , gases and wastes

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61
Q

Digestive system

A

Takes in food, breaks down food , absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid waste

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62
Q

Respiratory system

A

Controls breathing . Exchanges gases in lungs and tissues .

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63
Q

Excretory system

A

Removes liquid and gas wastes from the body

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64
Q

Immune system

A

Defends body against infections

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65
Q

Endocrine system

A

Manufactured and release hormones

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66
Q

Reproductive system

A

Includes reproductive organs for producing offspring

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67
Q

Integumentary System

A

Includes skin, hair and nails . Waterproof protective barrier around the body.

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68
Q

Skeletal System

A

Supports,protects and works with muscles to move parts of the body .

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69
Q

Muscular system

A

Has muscles that work with the bones to move of the body .

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70
Q

Nervous

A

Detects changes in the environment and signals these changes to the body , which carries out a response

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71
Q

Four food groups ?

A

Grain products, vegetables and fruit, milk products, meat and alternatives

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72
Q

Food pyramid

A

The width of each band tells you how much you should eat from that group . Wide part of the band means you should choose foods from that group.

Chooses food in moderation .

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73
Q

Types of nutrients

A

Carbohydrates , proteins and fats

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74
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates are the body’s quickest spice of energy . Two types of carbohydrates : simple and complex.

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75
Q

Complex carbohydrates

A

A chain of simple carbohydrates . Your body needs to break it down into simple carbohydrates before you can use it as energy.

Better than eating a diet high in simple sugars .

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76
Q

Proteins

A

Proteins are used to build parts of your body’s muscles, skin, hair, and nails .

Fish, poultry, nuts, soy and dairy products

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77
Q

Fats

A

Fats are used to build cell membranes and can be stored by the body for future energy uses .

Shortening, butter, oil, cream and meat contain fat.

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78
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

Good fat comes from fruits, vegetables and fish. Vegetable oil, corn oil, olive oil.

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79
Q

Saturated fats

A

Solid at room temperature

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80
Q

Plaque

A

Plaque is a fatty mat rial that is deposited along the walls of blood vessels . As plaque builds up in the blood vessels, the flow of blood through heart and body is reduced .

Increased risks heart attacks and strokes

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81
Q

Minerals and vitamins

A

Both needed in small amounts to help your body perform various functions . Such as building bone strength

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82
Q

Function and sources of fluorine

A

Function : Dental cavity reduction

Source : Fluoridated water

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83
Q

Function and source of Iron

A

Function : formation of red blood cell parts ; transpiration of oxygen throughout the body

Source : liver, eggs, yolks, grains, meats, leafy veggies

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84
Q

Function and sources of sodium

A

Function : nerve activity

Source : bacon, butter, table salt, veggies

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85
Q

Function and source of magnesium

A

Function : muscle and nerve activity; bone formation

Source : fruits, vegetables, grains

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86
Q

Function and source of calcium

A

Function : teeth and bone formation ;
Muscle and nerve activity

Source: Milk, grains, calcium-fortified Orange juice and soy milk.

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87
Q

Function and source of phosphorus

A

Function : teeth and bone formation ; muscle and nerve activity

Source : milk, grains, vegetables

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88
Q

Functions and source of copper ?

A

Function : development of red blood cells

Source : grains, liver

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89
Q

Functions and sources of potassium

A

Function : muscle and nerve activity

Source : vegetables , bananas

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90
Q

Function and source of sulfur

A

Function : hair, nails and skin builder

Source : grains, fruits, eggs, cheese

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91
Q

Diseases when there is a lack of a vitamin

A

Osteoporosis ( lack of calcium ) : weaken bones .

Rickets ( lack of vitamin D ) : bones to weaken

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92
Q

Four stages of digestion .

A

Ingesting , digesting , absorbing and eliminating

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93
Q

Ingesting

A

Eat the food .

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94
Q

Digesting .

A

Mechanical digestion occurs when you use your teeth and tongue to chew food. Saliva helps breakdown the complex carbohydrates .

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95
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Occurs when you use your teeth and tongue to chew food

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96
Q

Bolus

A

Small piece of food

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97
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Occurs when amylase begins to break down the food blogs by breaking down complex carbohydrates into simple carbohydrates

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98
Q

Food from mouth –> esophagus

A

Food passes through the pharynx . And when we swallow the epiglottis cover the airway tube . Goes down the esophagus by a process called peristalsis

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99
Q

Pharynx

A

The pharynx is where your airway passage and the rest of your digestive system meet .

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100
Q

Epiglottis

A

A small flap of flesh covers the airway tube when you swallow.

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101
Q

Esophagus

A

The esophagus is the part of the digestive tube that connects the pharynx and stomach .

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102
Q

Peristalsis

A

The process of when the esophagus pushes down the bolts

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103
Q

Food in stomach .

A

Contains gastric juice that breaks down bolus. The bolus turns into a liquid called chyme . Takes 2-6 hours .

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104
Q

What is the stomach lined with ?

A

Mucus ( protects the tissue from being damaged by the acid )

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105
Q

What is one of the reasons the gastric juice must be acidic ?

A

The enzyme Pepsi ( breaks down protein ) needs an acidic environment to function.

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106
Q

Gastric juice

A

Made from hydrochloride acid .

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107
Q

What are sphincters and what are their functions ?

A

Round muscles that open to allow materials to move through them .

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108
Q

Food in Small intestine

A

Absorption of nutrients

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109
Q

Duodenum

A

First meter of small intestine.

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110
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces digestive enzymes that pass into the small intestine .

Enzymes help breakdown carbohydrates, proteins and fat in the chyme .

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111
Q

Villi

A

Villi are structures that look like folds in the wall of the small intestine .

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112
Q

Food in Large intestine

A

Take undigested material from the small intestine and reabsorb the water and some minerals

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113
Q

Feces

A

Solid waste products of the digestion process . Stored in rectum until they are eliminated through Anus.

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114
Q

Process of excretion

A

Removes the liquid wastes trough the unitary tract

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115
Q

What are two main organs involved in excretion ?

A

Two kidneys , two tubes that carry urine ( ureters , bladder , urethra )

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116
Q

Kidneys

A

Filter blood and remove any wastes

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117
Q

State two eating disorders and how they can damage the body .

A

Anorexia nervosa : severely restricts what she or he eats .

Results : medical problems could include damage to internal organs and weakening of bones

Bulimia nervosa : when a person eats a large amount of food and then vomits or takes laxatives to get rid if of food before it can be completely digested

Result : irrational and tooth decay from stomach acid in vomit .

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118
Q

4 major chambers in the heart

A

Right atrium , left atrium , right ventricle , left ventricle

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119
Q

Left ventricle

A

Pumps your blood out to your body

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120
Q

Right ventricle

A

Pumps blood to your lungs

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121
Q

Right atrium

A

Receives blood from body

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122
Q

Left atrium

A

Receives blood from lungs

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123
Q

Atria

A

Allow the blood to move from the body into the heart

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124
Q

Ventricles

A

Pump the blood out of the heart

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125
Q

Valves

A

Each valve allows blood to flow in only one direction

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126
Q

Blood vessels

A

Roads that make up the circulatory system

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127
Q

Arteries

A

Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from your heart . Carry oxygenated blood .

Thick walled so it can withstand pressurized flow .

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128
Q

Aorta

A

Largest artery in your body . Width about 25 mm

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129
Q

Arterioles

A

Smallest arteries

Diameter of about 0.5 mm

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130
Q

Capillaries

A

Network of tiny blood vessels that act like a highway interchange . Oxygen, nutrients and glucose diffuse through the very thin walls of capillaries into fluid that surrounds tissue . In exchange of carbon dioxide that diffuse out .

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131
Q

Veins

A

Bring back deoxygenated blood ( thicker than oxygenated blood ) to the heart . Thinner walls because it’s not under pressure . —> superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

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132
Q

5 types of blood vessels

A

Arteries , capillaries , veins , aorta , aterioles

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133
Q

Plasma

A

A clear, yellowish fluid that contains numerous proteins, minerals and other substances .
55% of blood

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134
Q

Red blood cells

A

Carry oxygen from lungs to the cells of your body and carbon dioxide from your body cells to your lungs .

Produced in the liver and spleen

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135
Q

White blood cells

A

Fight infection and prevent growth of cancer . Larger than red blood cells . Increases when you are infected .

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136
Q

Platelets

A

Important for clotting blood . Seal the wound by thickening the blood so a scab can form over the cut .

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137
Q

What makes the other 45% of blood ?

A

Red blood cells , white blood cells , platelets .

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138
Q

What are the 10 structures you will find in the human respiratory system ?

A

Nasal cavity , epiglottis , larynx, esophagus, trachea, bronchus, right lung , bronchiole, left lung , pharynx

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139
Q

Cilia

A

Tiny hairs that trap dirt and other particles back out the nostril or down into the digestive system

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140
Q

Larynx

A

Contains your vocal chords

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141
Q

Trachea I

A

Air way passage

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142
Q

Bronchi

A

Base of trachea . Two tubes .

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143
Q

Bronchioles

A

Smaller air tubes

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144
Q

Alveoli

A

Gas exchange . Thin- walled sacs . End of bronchioles

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145
Q

Path of air ?

A

Nose –> cilia –> larynx –> trachea –> bronchi–> bronchioles –> alveoli

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146
Q

Gas exchange

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolus and oxygen diffuses the other way into the capillaries and bonds with red blood cells .

Oxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped to the rest of the body .

Occurs when the alveoli, capillaries and blood vessels meet .

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147
Q

Why is smoking dangerous ?

A

Destroys the cilia lining in your respiratory system so that dirt and other particles trapped in the mucus cannot be removed easily .

Linked to heart disease and cancer
Many chemicals

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148
Q

What are four ways to transmit infectious diseases ?

A

Direct contact : shaking hands

Indirect contact : being near an infected person who sneezes without covering his or her mouth

Water and food : eating food such as egg that cotnians salmonella

Animal bites : being bitten by an animal carrying the rabies virus

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149
Q

Pathogens

A

Germs . Disease- causing invaders

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150
Q

Immune system : first line of defence

A

Skin and links of all internal body systems. Sweat and oil on skin are slightly acidic ( prevents some pathogens from growing on the surface of your body .

Inside the body : acidic gastric juice

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151
Q

Immune system : second line of defence

A

Immune system recognizes the uniform cells that belong to your body . Attacks unknown cells .

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152
Q

Innate immune response

A

Responds to invading pathogens quickly and general or non-specific . Flow or fluid to the site of infection . Causes swelling and redness in the area ( inflammation ) increase in white blood cells ( phagocytes )

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153
Q

Role of phagocytes

A

Find the invader cell and swallow it .

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154
Q

Acquired immune response

A

Highly specific attack on a particular pathogen or antigen . Might take weeks to develope the exact response to defeat particular invader . Need both B cells and T cells .

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155
Q

Antigen

A

An antigen is any substance the body cannot recognize, from a virus to a splinter . Non- living particle or substance

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156
Q

B cells

A

Recognize antigens present in the body . They produce specific particles ( antibodies ) to fight them . Attach and destroy both antigens and pathogens .

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157
Q

Helper T cells

A

Re on fixes the presence of an antigen or pathogen and activates B cells

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158
Q

Killer T cells

A

Work independently to directly destroy pathogens or antigens

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159
Q

Active immunity

A

Remembers which antibodies should be used to attacking a pathogen that has infected it before

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160
Q

Immunity

A

Some antibodies remain for future use ( memory B cell )

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161
Q

Montagu’s observation on vaccine

A

She conducted an experiment where she put a drop of pus from a patient who had a mild case of small drop .
They healed faster than developing the serious form of disease .

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162
Q

Jenner’s experiment

A

Gave an eight year cow pox , after recovering .. Small pox did not infect him

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163
Q

Vaccine

A

a special version of an antigen that gives you immunity against a disease

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164
Q

Allergy

A

An high sensitivity to some substance .

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165
Q

Disorders of immune system

A

Allergies and AIDS ( acquired immunodeficiency syndrome )

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166
Q

Allergen

A

Allergic reaction

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167
Q

Histamine

A

A chemical that your body releases when you have an injury or need to fight invaders

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168
Q

Anaphylactic shock

how to make it better

A

Result in swelling, breathing difficultly or death . People carry adrenaline auto injector . ( help reduce the effects of an allergic reaction )

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169
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Caused by HIV ( human immunodeficiency virus ) . HIV is a powerful pathogen that attacks the immune system itself and can destroy it by infecting helper T cells . Unable to activate killer T cells or B cells

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170
Q

How is HIV transmitted ?

A

semen and blood .

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171
Q

How to take care of your immune system

A
  • eat balanced diet
  • maintain personal hygiene
  • keep home clean
  • avoid tobacco and other non- prescription drugs
  • plenty of rest and exercise
  • keep vaccinations up to date
  • do not engage in activities that involve sharing body fluids with others
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172
Q

Force

A

Push or pull object

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173
Q

Crest

A

Highest point in a wave

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174
Q

Trough

A

Lowest point in a wave

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175
Q

Wavelength

A

Crest to crest or trough to trough

Measured in metres .

Distance over which the wave repeats

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176
Q

Amplitude

A

Height of wave crest or depth f a wave trough measured from rest position .
Related to the amount of energy carried by the wave .

Larger amplitude : carries more energy
Lower amplitude: less energy

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177
Q

Frequency

A

Number of repetitive motions or oscillations , that occur at a given time .

Measured in hertz ( HZ ) or cycles per second .

Shorter the wavelength - greater frequency

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178
Q

Medium

A

Matter the waves travel through

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179
Q

Transverse waves

A

Matter in the medium moves up and down perpendicular to the direction that the wave travels

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180
Q

Compression waves

A

Matter in the medium moves back and forth along the same direction that the wave travels

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181
Q

Wave model of light

A

Pictures light travelling as a wave .

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182
Q

Light

A

A type of wave that travels through empty space and transfers energy from one place to another

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183
Q

Visible light

A

A wave you can see

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184
Q

Refraction

A

Bending or changing direction of a wave as it passes from one material to another

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185
Q

Colors of the rainbow from refraction of the light

A

Red, orange , yellow, Green, blue, indigo, violet .

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186
Q

Newton’s discovery about light

A

Prism was not the source of the colours . The different colours met have been present already in the white light .
He was able to to remove the colours with a few prisms .

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187
Q

Reflection

A

Occurs when a light wave strikes an object and bounces off .

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188
Q

Additive primary colours

A

Red, blue , green

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189
Q

What happens when you combine red, blue and green ?

A

White lite

190
Q

Secondary colours

A

Cyan, yellow and magenta

191
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

The transmission of energy in form of waves that extend from the longest radio waves to shortest gamma rays .

192
Q

7 different types or radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum

A

Radio waves , microwaves, infrared waves , visible light, ultraviolet waves, x Rays, gamma rays

193
Q

Radio waves

A

Type of electromagnetic radiation that have the longest wavelength and lowest energy and frequency compared to all other types

194
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic resonance imaging . Particles int he bones and soft tissues behave like tiny magnets and can be lined up . Produce radio waves and can mallet the different tissues

195
Q

Microwaves

A

Shortest wavelength and the highest frequency of all radio waves . Only foods that contain water can be heated by the micro wave .

Also can be transmitted to telecommunications satellites that orbit earth. Strengthen them and re transmit them to a new location .

196
Q

Radar

A

Shorter wavelength microwaves . Used for tracking the movement of automobiles, aircraft, watercraft, and spacecraft . Used for weather forecasting

197
Q

Infrared waves

A

Type of electromagnetic radiation that has a longer wavelength and Lower energy and frequency .

Used ; read CD-ROMs . Heat radiation

198
Q

Ultraviolet Waves

A

Type of electromagnetic radiation that had a shorter wavelength and higher energy and frequency .

Enables your body to make vitamin D . Over exposure can result to sunburns and skin cancers , damage to the surface of eye

Kill bacteria in food, water and medical supplies . Fluorescent powder to study fingerprints

199
Q

X rays

A

type of electromagnetic radiation that have a much shorter wavelength and higher energy and frequency than ultraviolet

200
Q

Gamma rays

A

Highest energy and frequency and shortest wavelength Portion . Result from nuclear reactions and are produced by the hottest regions of the universe .

Focused burst of gamma rays are used in radiation therapy to kill cancer cells

201
Q

Transparent

A

Able to transmit light without being completely absorbed . Allows light to pass through it freely . Only a small amount of light is reflected .

202
Q

Translucent

A

Most light rays get though but are scattered in all directions

203
Q

Opaque

A

Prevents any light from passing through

204
Q

Why does a shadow form ?

A

Blocks the rays of light striking you .

205
Q

Light reflecting on smooth surfaces

A

Smooth and uniformly

206
Q

Light reflecting on a rough surface

A

Reflect light randomly

207
Q

Law of reflection

A

The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence

208
Q

Incident Ray

A

Incoming Ray

209
Q

Reflected Ray

A

Ray that bounces off barrier

210
Q

Normal

A

Imaginary line that is perpendicular to the boundary between two materials and intersects the point at which the incident reaches the boundary

211
Q

Angle of incidence

A

Angle formed by incident beam

212
Q

Angle of reflection

A

Form bed by reflected beam

213
Q

Angle of refraction

A

Angle of Ray of light emerging from the boundary between two materials

214
Q

What happens when light rays go into water

A

They slow down and bend toward normal

215
Q

What happens when light rays travel from water to air ?

A

They bend away from normal and speeds it up .

216
Q

Why does a fish in water look closer than it really is ?

A

Light rays from the fish bend away from normal as they pass from water to air . Makes the fish seem closer

217
Q

Mirage

A

Misleading appearance or illusion . Light bends as it travels through different densities of air .

218
Q

How image forms on a plane mirror ?

A

The light reflects off all the points of the object in all direction . All the rays from the blueberry that strike the mirror reflect . That would make your brain thinks that is behind the mirror .

219
Q

Concave Mirrors

A

Curves inward . All the rays bounce off and meet at a single point called the focal point . Converging .

220
Q

Convex mirror

A

Diverging .

  1. Objects appear to be smaller than they are
  2. More objects can be seen in a in ex mirror than in a plane mirror of the same size .
221
Q

Lens

A

Curved piece of transparent material

222
Q

Concave lenses

A

Thinner in the middle and far and the end . The light rays diverge

From any location , image is smaller and upright

223
Q

Convex lenses

A

Fat in middle . Light rays converge .

More than two focal lengths : smaller, inverted

Between one and two focal lengths ; larger, inverted

Object at focal point : no image

Less than one focal length : larger upright

224
Q

Iris

A

Coloured circle of muscle surrounding the pupil . Controls the amount of light entering the eye .

225
Q

Pupil

A

Dark : allows more light to enter

Bright : contracts the pupil to reduce the amount of light entering the eye .

226
Q

Cornea

A

Made of cells that transparent enough to let light pass through , yet tough enough to hold the year together

227
Q

Sclera

A

Opaque tissue surrounding cornea . White region surrounding the iris

228
Q

Retina

A

Screen at the back of the eye , image is formed .

229
Q

Optic nerves

A

Convert the light rays into electrical signals that are sent to the brain through a thick nerve .

230
Q

How is an image formed in the retina ?

A

All the light rays come together at the top of the retina. And all of them enter the eye at the bottom . Image formed by lens is inverted .

Brain interprets the image as being upright .

231
Q

What happens to light rays after they enter the eye through the cornea ?

A

Cornea refracts incoming light rays so that they converge toward the retina. The cornea provides MOST of the focussing done by your eyes.

Lens does the remain focusing.

232
Q

Blind spot

A

The are where the optic nerve enters the retina does not have any light-sensing cells .

233
Q

Functions of rod cells ?

A
  • able to absorb almost any colour of light ( green light )
  • used for night vision
  • very light sensitive
  • one type of light-sensitive pigment
  • have more pigment than cones, so can detect less light
  • slow response to light
  • smaller than cone cells
  • about 100 million in the human eye
234
Q

Functions of cone cells ?

A
  • detecting colour
  • 3 kinds of cone cells : red, blue, green
  • bright illumination vision
  • not very light sensitive
  • less pigment than rids, require more light to detect images
  • fast response to light
  • larger than rid cells
  • about 6 million in the human eye
  • mostly found in the centre of the retina
235
Q

How do light rays behave with normal vision ?

A

Converge at the retina . Light rays are diverging when they enter eye . Muscles in the eye cause the lens to change shape . Clear image

236
Q

How do light rays behave for near-sighted vision ?

A

Light rays form an image in front of the retina . By the time the light rays actually strike the retina they have begun to spread out ( fuzzy image) .

Concave lens is used to diverge the parallel rays so that image forms farther back .

237
Q

How do light Rays behave in far-sighted vision ?

A

Light rays from didn’t at objects are early parallel and require less refraction to converge them than light from nearby objects .

Light rays from nearby objects are diverging as they enter the eye.

Convex lens is need for the light rays to come into focus exactly on the retina .

238
Q

Astigmatism

A

A normal cornea is shaped spherically , while an astigmatic eye has an irregularly-shaped cornea .

Focus on more than one point on the retina , blurred vision .

Eye glasses , contact lenses , laser surgery to reshape cornea .

239
Q

List the other types of blindness

A

Snow blindness : temporary partial or complete blinds chased by over exposure to glare of sunlight .

Night blindness : difficult or impossible to see dim light

Colour blindness : ability to only see shades of grey.

240
Q

What can cause focussing problems as children grow and adults get older ?

A

shape of their eye changes .

Flexibility of the eye lenses decreases, making it harder focus on nearby objects .

241
Q

How does light travel through a microscope ?

A

The screen must be place where all the light rays from a given point on the object converge . The image with form where the two light rays meet .

242
Q

Refracting telescopes

A

Lenses bend the light to focus it .

Both : an objective lens collected light and focussed it into an image .

Problems : in order to see detailed image of distant objects , objective must be large as possible .

243
Q

Reflecting telescopes

A

Used a concave mirror, plane mirror and convex lens to collect and focus light from distant objects .

Light from a distant objects enters one end of the telescope and strikes a concave mirror at the opposite end . Reflects off this mirror and converges . Before it converges light is reflected from the plane mirror toward the tel scopes eye piece . Converge at the focal point , creating image of the distant object .

Two mirrors

244
Q

Hubble space telescope

A

Primary mirror 2.4 m across and collect visible light and other electromagnetic radiation from planets, stars and distant galaxies .

Clear and not blurred from earth’s atmosphere.

245
Q

Binoculars

A

Two refracting telescopes mounted side by side . Prisms reflect the light in binoculars back and forth inside a shorter tube .

246
Q

Cameras

A

Works by gathering and bending light with a convex lens. Lens projects an image onto a light detector to record a digital image of a scene . Shorter opens to allow light to enter the camera . Subject meters the camera through the aperture.

Light passes through the lens which focuses the image on the light detector . Convex lens is used , inverted and smaller than actual object .

247
Q

Wide angle lenses ( camera )

A

Short focal length produce small image of object but wide field of view .

Need to be close to the light detector to form a sharp image win their short focal length.

248
Q

Telephoto lenses

A

Longer focal lengths. Through a telephoto lens seems enlarged and closer than it actually is .

249
Q

What are the similarities that the camera have to the human eye ?

A

Lens cap = human eyelid
Diaphragm ( number of opaque circles arranged in a circle ) = iris
Light passes through the lens and forms an inverted image in both camera and the eye .
Pixels on the CCD = rod and cones

250
Q

How is a camera different from a human eye ?

A

Changing in the distance between the lens and the detector does the focussing in a camera . 🚫 humans lens changes shape , rather than moving closer to the retina

The CCD detector at the back of the eye is like the retina and the optic nerve . It does not need two functions , one is enough c:

251
Q

CCD

A

Charged-coupled device .

Absorbs light and provides the electrical signals needed to produce a digital image .

252
Q

Laser light

A

Light rays are moving in the same direction and all of the crests and troughs of light are lined up . Does not refract into a rainbow . Only one wavelength .

253
Q

Laser surgery

A

Remove cataracts , re-attach retinas , stop bleeding , reshape corneas

Laser is used to cut through the cornea so that the lens can be replaced with a synthetic one .

Able to seal off blood vessels

254
Q

Changing shape of cornea with laser surgery .

A

Laser to weaken the surface of cornea , allows it to be folded back . Changes shape of inside of the cornea . The outer surface can be returned to its original place .

255
Q

Optical fibre

A

Transparent glass fibers that can transmit light from one place to another .

256
Q

Uses for optical fibers

A

Transmit images of the inside of a person’s body from a tiny camera .

Transmit telephone , video and Internet signals

Broadband transmissions

257
Q

Total internal reflection

A

Every time a light Ray strikes the wall of the fibre it is reflected back into it .

258
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and volume

259
Q

Mass

A

Quantity of matter

Grams , kilograms .

260
Q

Volume

A

Amount of space taken up by a substance or object

Measured in :ML , L , CM^3

261
Q

Three states of matter

A
  • solid is the state that has a definite shape and volume
  • liquid is the state of matter that has a definite volume but it’s shape is determined by its surroundings
  • gas is the state that has its volume and shape determined by its surroundings
262
Q

Kinetic molecular theory

A
  1. All matter is made up of very small particles
  2. There are spaces between particles
  3. The particles that make up matter are always moving
  4. Particles are attracted to one another .
263
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion

264
Q

Thermal expansion

A

Material that is made up of particles expands when the temperature increases .

265
Q

Thermal contraction

A

Particles take up less space as they lose energy , decreases in volume .

266
Q

Thermal energy

A

The total amount of energy of the substance

267
Q

Heat

A

Energy transferred from one material or object to another as a result of a difference in temperature or a change in state .

268
Q

Temperature

A

You are sampling the average kinetic energy of its particles .

269
Q

Melting

A

Solid –> liquid

270
Q

Evaporation

A

Liquid —> gas

271
Q

Condensation

A

Gas–> liquid

272
Q

Solidification

A

Liquid —> solid

273
Q

Sublimation

A

Solid –> gas

274
Q

Deposition

A

Gas –> solid

275
Q

Density

A

Mass of a given volume . Describes how closely packed together the parties are in a material

276
Q

Density in liquid ?

A

Less dense than a solid

277
Q

Density in gas ?

A

Less dense than liquid

278
Q

Density In solid

A

Denser than liquid

279
Q

Layers of density in fluids ?

A

Less dense liquids will float on top of liquids .

280
Q

Density of air

A

Relatively dense close to Earth’s surface . Oxygen is more close .

The higher we go , the less oxygen .
Air particles are more spread out .

281
Q

Displacement

A

Amount of space that an object takes up when placed in a fluid .

Fill a container up to a certain height . Place object in water . See how much the water rises .

282
Q

How to calculate density ?

A

Density = mass divided by volume

283
Q

Contact forces

A

Tension force , friction force , elastic force .

284
Q

Force

A

Push or pull that acts on an object .

285
Q

Action-at-distance forces

A

Gravitational force , electrostatic force , magnetic force

286
Q

Tension force

A

Experienced by a wire or a rope when it’s pulled at either end

287
Q

Friction force

A

Works to slow down or stop motion due to surfaces rubbing against each other .

288
Q

Elastic force

A

Extorted when a spring like object restores itself to Normal shape after it has been compressed or stretched .

289
Q

Gravitational force

A

The force attraction between objects because they have mass .

290
Q

Electrostatic force

A

Called static electricity , causes pushing and pulling forces .

291
Q

Magnetic forces

A

Acts on certain metals and compounds

292
Q

How is mass measured

A

Measured in grand , kilograms ,

Use a balance scale to measure mass

293
Q

Weight

A

Amount of force on an object due to gravity .

Weight scale .

294
Q

Newton

A

Measuring unit of force .

295
Q

Force meters

A

Equipped with a sprig or similar elastic device that stretches or compresses in response to being pulled or pushed .

Newton gauge or spring scale.

296
Q

How to convert mass to weight ?

A

For every kg multiply by 9.8

297
Q

Balanced forces

A

Are equal strength and oppose each other in direction

298
Q

Unbalanced forces

A

Cause a change in the speed or direction of an object .

299
Q

Pressure

A

Amount of force acting over a given area of an object

300
Q

Compression

A

Decrease in volume produced by force .

301
Q

Why are gases easily compressible ?

A

Large amount of space between its particles .

302
Q

Deformation

A

Change of shape without being forced into smaller volume .

303
Q

Why does a can that was heated , contract when it is removed from the heat ?

A

As it cools , the pressure on the inside is lower then outside . Pressure on the outside pushed the walls of the can inward , crushing the can .

304
Q

Why are solids and liquids hard to compress ?

A

There’s not enough space .

305
Q

Formula for pressure

A

Force divided by area

306
Q

Units for pressure

A

Pascal 1N/m^2

1000 Pa= kilo pascal

307
Q

Viscosity

A

Resistance of a fluid to flow . The slower the fluid the greater the viscosity .

308
Q

Flow rate

A

Speed at which a fluid flows from one point to another .

309
Q

Effect of temperature on viscosity ( liquid )

A

Heated —> viscosity decreases

Called —> viscosity increases

310
Q

Effect of temperature on viscosity ( gas )

A

Heated —> viscosity increases

Cooled —> viscosity decreases

311
Q

Adhesion

A

Attracting or joining of two different objects or fluids to each other .

312
Q

Cohesion

A

refers to the strength with which the particles of an object or fluid attract each other .

313
Q

Polarity

A

One end of each molecule is slightly positive the other side is slightly negative .

314
Q

Surface tension

A

Property of a liquid in which the surface of liquid acts like a thin skin or membrane

315
Q

Atmospheric pressure ( high and low altitudes)

A

High : air is less compressed .

Low : less dense

316
Q

What happens when there is a pressure difference between high pressure and low pressure ?

A

Example juice box .

Creating a lower pressure in your mouth will allow the higher pressure around the juice box to bring the juice in your mouth .

317
Q

Units for atmospheric pressure ?

A

One atmosphere . 10 metre you descend into the water , pressure increases by one atmosphere .

100,000 N = 1 atm

318
Q

Buoyancy

A

The tendency of objects in fluids to rise or sink because of density differences with their surroundings .

319
Q

Buoyant force

A

The upward force exerted by a fluid

320
Q

Convection

A

Vertical movement of fluids caused by different densities .

321
Q

What happens when the weight of the object is greater than thebuoyant force ?

A

It sinks

322
Q

Hydraulics

A

Study of pressure in liquids

323
Q

Hydraulic systems

A

Devices that create pressure that moves through a liquid such as oil or water .

324
Q

Static pressure

A

Squeezing an enclosed fluid

325
Q

Dynamic pressure

A

Energy that can be used directly to perform tasks .

326
Q

Pumps

A

Used to raise or move fluids .

327
Q

Valves

A

Device for controlling the passage of fluid through a pipe .

328
Q

Check valves

A

Valves that allow fluids to flow in only one direction .

329
Q

How does water get into your house ?

A

Pumps force water through a pipe into a pressure tank. As more and more water enters the tank , it pressurizes the small amount of air in the tank. When the appropriate pressure is reached , the pressure tank transmits water under pressure through the entire system .

330
Q

Hydraulic multiplication

A

Incompressible fluid increases and transmits a force from one point to another.

                    🎆 🌚                    ^^ 🌚                    ^^ ---------------------
331
Q

Problems with hydraulics ?

A

Twists and turns that would increase resistance to flow . Pipes need to be connected carefully to avoid leakage .
Fluid particles lose energy as they brush past each other . Build up of sludge, corrosion and mineral deposits all interfere with water flow .

332
Q

Pneumatics

A

Use of gas in an enclosed system under pressure .

333
Q

How can pneumatics work with hydraulics ?

A

Stopping a heavy truck . The hydraulic multipliers in the wheels increase the force that stops the vehicle . Highly compressed air delivers great force to the braking system .

334
Q

Problems with pneumatic system .

A

The flow of air could be blocked if it is not cleaned regularly . It creates rising air pressure . There is no longer a strong pressure difference to force the air into .

335
Q

How do living things rely on water and fluid systems ?

A
  • body : absorb food , transport nutrients , remove wastes and protects your tissues , proper blood pressure , proper blood circulation ,
336
Q

Blood pressure

A

The force of blood on the walls of blood vessels .

337
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

Measures blood pressure by applying enough pressure to an artery in your arm to briefly stop the flow of blood .

338
Q

Two values of blood pressure ?

A
  • indicator of your general Heath

- early warning for diseases

339
Q

Normal blood pressure

A

120/75 mm

340
Q

High blood pressure

A

Faster heart beat , increase blood pressure , flow of fluid is reduced or blocked , harden arteries , might make them burst .

341
Q

Low blood pressure

A

Not enough blood flow , low water levels ,

342
Q

Two methods that make the chest cavity change size for breathing ?

A

The diaphragm in the lower chest moves downward as you breathe in .

The muscles between the ribs , which move the rib cage up and out .

343
Q

Inhaling and exhaling

A

Exhaling : the chest cavity contracts and the diaphragm muscle moves up and air is pushed out of the lungs

Inhaling : chest cavity expands to create an area of low pressure in the lungs .

344
Q

Asthma

A

Disease of the respiratory system that interferes with the normal flow of air into the lung .

Attack : causes the pathway to the lungs to narrow, making it difficult to breathe .

345
Q

Hydrologist

A

Person who studies Earth’s water systems and helps find solutions

346
Q

Oceanographers

A

People who study ocean systems specially

347
Q

Salinity

A

Amount of salt dissolved in water

348
Q

What parts of the ocean are more salty then others ?

A

Close to the equator , high rates of evaporation . North and south poles ( water freezes and salt is left behind )

349
Q

Why are the salinity is usually lower near continents ?

A

Fresh water rivers empties into the ocean and dilutes the salt water.

350
Q

How do volcanoes contribute to the salt of water ?

A

Spew material high into the atmosphere . These material fall direct into the ocean or onto earth’s surface from where they get carried to the ocean as a run-off .

351
Q

Undersea volcanic eruptions

A

Release large amounts of sulcus, fluorine, chlorine and hydrogen into ocean water .

352
Q

What are the two main dissolved solids found in ocean water ?

A

Sodium ions and chloride ions . Sodium chloride .

353
Q

Density

A

Measure of the mass of an object of a given volume .

354
Q

Why is the freezing point of salt water lower than that of freshwater ?

A

Ocean water contains far more dissolved salt than fresh water fakes .

-1.9 degree Celsius

355
Q

Does freshwater or salt water have the greater density ?

A

Saltwater

356
Q

Run-off

A

Water that flows over the surface of the ground and runs off into streams and rivers, other water bodies and city sewers .

357
Q

What affects how much run-off is created ?

A
  • the nature of the ground material
  • the amount of rain
  • length of time it rains
  • the slope of the land
  • the amount of vegetation
  • amount of development in the area
358
Q

Drainage basin

A

The area of land on which precipitation falls and works its way into a common river .

359
Q

Ground water

A

Water that makes its way into the spaces of of rock .

360
Q

Aquifer

A

A layer of rock that is porous and allows water to flow through .

361
Q

Reservoir

A

Large surface storage area . Human made

362
Q

Water table

A

Lies at a level called the zone of saturation . The depth where water can be found .

363
Q

Glaciers

A

Freshwater trapped in large masses of snow and ice .

364
Q

What are the two types of glaciers ?

A

Alphine - glaciers are located in mountain areas

Continental glaciers - ice sheets that cover large areas of land .

365
Q

Crevasses

A

Deep cracks

366
Q

Ice bergs

A

Big chunks of icebergs

367
Q

Weathering

A

Process of breakdown rock into smaller fragments .

368
Q

Physical weathering

A

Rocks are broken down by physical means

369
Q

Chemical weathering

A

A chemical reaction chases rocks to breakdown or decompose .

370
Q

Biological weathering

A

Physical or chemical weathering caused by a plant or animal .

371
Q

Erosion

A

Weakens and broken down fragments will be transported from their original location .

372
Q

Physical weathering examples

A

Water in pores and cracks . Could freeze and crack the rock

373
Q

Karst

A

Area with many sinkholes

374
Q

What is phytoplankton and zoo plankton

A

Phytoplankton : plants that produce their nutrients through photosynthesis

Zoo plankton : animals that eat other plankton for food

375
Q

What are lakes and ponds used for ?

A
  • Providing a habitat for many plants and animals

- supporting rooted plants , which clean water through natural processes

376
Q

How do wetlands contribute to the environment ?

A
  • vegetation acts as a filters for removing pollutants from the water
  • wetlands hold a huge quantity of water, which helps prevent flooding
  • many of the freshwater fish of British Columbia spawn in wetland environments
  • a huge variety of wildlife makes wetlands their home
  • thick vegetation of wetlands help keep shorelines stable and minimizes erosion
  • many endangered species visit wetlands as part of their life cycle
377
Q

Estuary

A

An area of land that builds up where a river meets the ocean .

378
Q

What makes estuaries ideal environments for both plants and animals ?

A

Nutrients come from land, rivers, ocean

  • water is brackish ( salt and fresh )
  • action of tides flushes pollutants and debris out of estuaries
379
Q

Chemical change

A

Change in matter that occurs when substanc w combine to form new substances

380
Q

Physical change

A

New appearance but no new substances formed

381
Q

Physical properties

A

Charade tics of matter that can be observed or measured

382
Q

Malleability

A

Ability to be beaten into sheets

383
Q

Ductility

A

Ability to be drawn into wires

384
Q

Solubility

A

Ability to dissolve in water

385
Q

Conductivity

A

Ability to conduct electricity or heat

386
Q

Density

A

Ratio of a material’s mass to its volume .

387
Q

Pure substance

A

A substance that is made up of only one kind of matter

Gold, water, oxygen

388
Q

Element

A

A pure substance that cannot be broken down or departed into simpler substances

389
Q

Compound

A

A pure substance composed of at least two elements combined in a specific way .

390
Q

What was John Dalton’s (1766-1844) theory ?

A
  • all matter is made of small particles called atoms
  • atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or divided into smaller particles
  • all atoms of the same element are identical in mass and size, but they are different in mass and size from atoms of other elements
  • compounds are created when atoms of different elements link together in definite proportions
391
Q

J.J thomson’s theory ? ( 1856-1940 )

A
  • currents were streams of negatively charged particles ( electrons )
  • atoms are made up of other particles
  • raisin bun model
392
Q

Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) theory ?

A
  • large space within atoms
  • discovered there was a nucleus
  • proton and neutron
393
Q

Proton

A

Positive electric charge

394
Q

Neutron

A

No electric charge

395
Q

Niels Bohr (1885-1962)

A

He proposed that electrons surround the nucleus in specific energy levels or shells . More energy –> electrons Jump from low to high energy levels .

396
Q

What charge is the nucleus ?

A

Positive

397
Q

What subatomic particles are located at the nucleus ?

A

Proton and neutron

398
Q

Metals

A

Typically hard, shiny, malleable, ductile and good conductors of heat and electricity

399
Q

Hydrogen

A

Colorless , odorless, tasteless, highly flammable .

Lightest element

400
Q

Iron

A

Strong metal . Can be mixed carbon to make steel .

Ductile, heated and drawn into a wire .

Can rust when exposed to water and oxygen

401
Q

Oxygen

A

Non-metal
Oxygen and sugar to release energy
React with lots of elements
Very reactive

402
Q

Sodium

A

Metal
Soft
Very reactive

403
Q

Chlorine

A

Pale yellow-green gas . Added to water in swimming pools to kill bacteria .

404
Q

Mercury

A

Liquid at room temperature.

Excellent conductor of electricity poison

405
Q

Sliver

A 
Metallic 
Malleable 
Ductile 
Conductor of heat and electricity 
Reflectivity 
Thermal conductivity
406
Q

Silicon

A

Metal lustre
Semiconductor
Good conductor at high temperatures

407
Q

Alkali metals

A

Highly reactive
Reactivity increases as you go down the group
Reacts with both oxygen and water
Low melting points ( lower than 200 degree Celsius)

408
Q

Alkaline earth metals

A

Less reactive than the alkali metals but will burn if heated .

  • produce bright flames
  • react with water
409
Q

Halogens

A

Non metals

Highly reactive

410
Q

Noble gases

A
  • Most stable and unreactive elements

- colorless and odorless gases

411
Q

Valence electrons

A

Electrons on the other most shell

412
Q

Valence shell

A

Outermost shell

413
Q

Covalent compounds

A

Atoms combine by Sharing electrons to form molecules

414
Q

Molecule

A

Group of atoms in which the atoms are bound together by sharing one or more pairs of electrons

415
Q

Ionic compounds

A

Atoms gain or lose electrons to form ions .

416
Q

Ionic lattice

A

A repeating pattern of positive and negative ions .

417
Q

Polyatomic ion

A

Gain or lose one or more electrons as their atoms Combine to form a molecule .

418
Q

What polyatomic ion is used to test if drivers had alcohol ?

A

Dichromate Cr2O72-

419
Q

What are uses for ammonium ?

A

Fertilizer

420
Q

Reactants

A

Substances that are going to react

421
Q

Products

A

New substances that are produced from reactants

422
Q

Evidence that a chemical change occurred

A
  • colour change
  • heat, light, sound produced ( consumed )
  • bubbles of gas form
  • a precipitate may form

Example ; ripe Apple rots

423
Q

Exothermic

A

The overall release of energy in the form of heat and light .

424
Q

Endothermic

A

Absorption of energy by the system

425
Q

Celestial bodies

A

General term for all objects in the sky , sun, moon , planets

426
Q

Hubble’s propsal

A

Galaxy was expanding in all directions . As the universe expands , galaxies spreads apart .

427
Q

What was the Big Bang theory ?

A

The theory that approximately 13.7 billion years ago an unimaginably tiny volume of space suddenly and rapidly expanded to immense size .

428
Q

Supporting info about the big band theory ?

A

Penzias and Wilson kept receiving background noises which that now call cosmic background . Radiation left from the Big Bang theory .

Cosmic background explorer . Scientists created a COBE map of cosmic background radiation in the universe . Radiation believe is left over from the Big Bang theory

429
Q

Nebula

A

A cloud of gas and dust

430
Q

Spiral galaxy

A

Looks like a pinwheel from above .
Looks like a paper plate from edge
Glow surrounded is called halo

431
Q

Elliptical Galaxy

A

One that ranges in shape from a perfect sphere to a stretched out ellipse .
Galaxies contain some of the oldest stars
Largest galaxies are elliptical

432
Q

Irregular

A

Does not have any regular show such as spiral arms or an obvious central bulge
Made up of newly forming stars and old stars .

433
Q

Globular cluster

A

Composed of as many as 1 million stars , held together by mutual gravity in a spherical shape

434
Q

Open Cluster

A

Contain few hundreds to a few tens of thousand stars

435
Q

Proto star

A

Early phase of star

436
Q

How does a star form

A

A star begins to form from the materials in a nebula when gravity starts acting on chunks of gas and dust .pulling them together .

437
Q

Nuclear fusion

A

Hydrogen atoms combine with heavier Element helium

438
Q

Low mass stars

A

Small , dim , cool red dwarfs burn hydrogen slowly . White dwarfs quietly burn out .

439
Q

Intermediate mass stars

A 
Similar mass to sun 
Burn hydrogen faster 
Long time --> red giant 
Red giant ---> white dwarf 
White dwarf ----> black drawf
440
Q

High mass stars

A

Average life is 7 billion years .

Supernova –> decompose and provide nutrients for other things to grow

441
Q

Black holes

A

After exploding from a supernova it becomes a black hole . The material is so dense it has a huge amount of gravitational force . Nothing can escape their pull .

442
Q

Hertz sprung- Russell diagram

A

Diagram of different stars

443
Q

What is the temperature of the dim stars ?

A

Hot

444
Q

Temperature of supergiants ?

A

In the middle

445
Q

Doppler effect

A

The change in wavelength because of motion . For an observer moving relative to its source

446
Q

Interstellar matter

A

Made up of gas

447
Q

Red shift

A

Light source moves away from the person .

448
Q

Solar wind

A

High energy particles rush past earth . Generate large geomagnetic storms

449
Q

Solar prominences

A

Large loops of super hot gas that extend out from the sun’s surface

450
Q

Solar flare

A

Violent eruptions of gas

451
Q

Sunspots

A

Dark patches . Slightly cooler parts of the sun .

452
Q

Corona

A

Outermost of the sun’s atmosphere

453
Q

Photosphere

A

Hot gases rise to the surface, cools and sinks back into deep layers .

454
Q

AU

A

Astronomical unit

About 150 million in = 1 AU

455
Q

Asteroids

A

Small bodies that are believed to be leftover remains of the formation of the solar system . Orbit the sun in a band between Mars and Jupiter .

456
Q

Comets

A

Composed of ice, rock , gas
Hurtle through a space originating from Kuiper belt and Oort Cloud .

When affected by sunlight –> gas and dust steaming behind it .

457
Q

Why are objects that circle the sun beyond the orbit of Neptune ?

A

Trans-Neptunian objects

458
Q

Kuiper belt

A

Flat disk of millions of small bodies . Composed of fragments of material left over from formation of the solar system .

459
Q

Oort Cloud

A

Farthest reaches of sun’s gravitational influence . Cloud of icy fragments of debris .

460
Q

Light years

A

Measured the distance that light travels in a year . 300,000km/s equal to 9.5 trillion .

461
Q

How to use triangulation ?

A

Measure straight baseline

Measure angles to a point on the distant object . Make a scale drawing .

462
Q

Parallax

A

The apparent shift of your thumb against the stationary ( un moving ) background .

463
Q

Phases

A

Changing appearance of the moon

464
Q

What is the clearest evidence that earth is affected by moon’s gravitational force ?

A

The ocean level rises in some area and at some areas , the tide falls .

465
Q

Solar eclipse

A

Moon shadow on earth .

466
Q

Lunar eclipse

A

Earth’s shadow on the moon .

467
Q

Constellations

A

Groups of stars that form distinctive patterns

468
Q

Meteoroids

A

Pieces of rock floating through space

469
Q

Satellites

A

Electronic devices put in orbit around earth to relay information . Orbits another body in space

470
Q

Geosynchronous orbit

A

Orbit earth at the same rate that earth is rotating . Satellite seems to be staying in the same position

471
Q

Probes

A

A space vehicle to other celestial bodies . Designed to travel millions of kilometres . Do not need a crew

472
Q

Terraforming

A

Process of taking a piece of trash and making it live able to humans .

Enlgish Usage (10 decks)

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