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Enlgish Usage > Chapter 3 SS > Flashcards

Chapter 3 SS Flashcards

1
Q

What rivers provide water for France ?

A

Rhône, Garonne and Seine

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2
Q

Who were the people that owned most of the land ?

A

Aristocrats , royal family , and clergy

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3
Q

What crops was produced in France ?

A

Wheat , rye , grapes , corn , sugar beets

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4
Q

Why didn’t France produce the same value as other farms in the county ?

A
  • they used medieval farming methods
  • small plots of land
  • little pay
  • large amount of taxes
  • victims of epidemics and famine
  • forbidden to kill or drive off animals that killed livestock or crops
  • aristocrats chased game animal through the fields which trampled the crops .
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5
Q

Where did most people in city come from ?

A

Country side , in search of work

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6
Q

What jobs did city life people have ?

A

Shop keepers , artisans , clerks, laborers

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7
Q

What happened to the people who were poor ?

A

Beggars , vagrants , and thieves

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8
Q

Why was bread so expensive and important to them ?

A

Inflation made flour very expensive . Bread was the staple diet of most French people .

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9
Q

Inflation

A

A situation in which the price of goods rise quickly

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10
Q

Monopoly

A

The exclusive right to sell a product to a group of people

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11
Q

Tariff

A

Tax

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12
Q

Toll

A

A charge to use a road or bridge

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13
Q

Infrastructure

A

The roads, canals, and other means of communication and travel within a community .

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14
Q

Who was the middle class ?

A

The bourgeoisie

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15
Q

Why were the bourgeoisie important to the economy ?

A

They invested in new business ventures

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16
Q

Why was it hard to make a profit as a bourgeoisie?

A
  • some people held monopolies on the production of certain goods
  • France was divided into many different districts, each with its own tariffs and tolls
  • lack of decent roads and calamba
  • government did not do much to develop an infrastructure
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17
Q

How long did Louis XIV rule ?

A

72 years

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18
Q

What did Louis XIV believe ?

A

He was the centre of French life and culture .
- called himself sun king (light of the nation )
“ I am the nation “
-absolute monarchy

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19
Q

Where was his palace ?

A

Versailles

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20
Q

What was the law during king Louis’s XIV reign ?

A

His word was law . whatever he says , happens .

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21
Q

What did Louis XIV force his important nobels to go ?

A

His palace in Versailles

  • he became the centre of their lives
  • everything they did required Louis’s approval
  • nobels took ballet lessons
  • nobels had little to do because they were not part of the government
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22
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

The edict of Nantes granted Calvinist Protestants ( Huguenots) of France substantial rights .

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23
Q

Why did Louis XIV go to war ?

A

Promote his own interest and expand French territory .

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24
Q

Deficit

A

The money the government is short each year after it pays bills

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25
Q

What happened during the late 1660s?

A

France has wars with the Dutch = secured some territory in the southerners stern part of France Louis XIV

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26
Q

How did Louis XIV involve himself in the politics of Holy Roman Empire

A

Louis XIV claimed that the French monarch had special rights within the Roman Catholic Church

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27
Q

What effects did the persecution of Huguenots cause ?

A
  • decline in population
  • lost education and techniques
  • lost a number of skilled craftsmen
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28
Q

How old was Louis XV when he came to the throne ?

A

5

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29
Q

When did Louis XIV die ?

A

1715

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30
Q

When did Louis XVI come to throne ?

A

1774

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31
Q

What were the problems during Louis XVI’s reign ?

A
  • he did not have the qualities of a ruler
  • not interested in governing
  • left decisions to others
  • Louis had limited contact with the middle / lower classes
  • laws were different in different parts of the country
  • no main language ( hard to communicate )
  • different taxes in different regions ( made problems for merchants and trade / economy )
  • POVERTY
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32
Q

When did Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI get married ?

A

1770

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33
Q

Why did people dislike Marie Antoinette ?

A
  • offended many aristocrats with her attitudes toward traditional French manners and courtesies
  • idealized view of peasant life and even built a little farm at Versailles so she could PLAY at farming
  • did little to win hearts of subjects
  • very extravagant and loved fine things , spending large sums on JEWELS
  • alleged involvement in the affair of the diamond necklace ( worth more than the annual income of France )
  • offended that she spent a fortune on herself when there are many people who lived in poverty
  • definite opinions , but no learning or experience to bad her judgements
  • selected government ministers without knowing the responsibilities of their portfolios
  • dismissed people she disliked (A.R Turgot )
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34
Q

What did A.R Turgot want ? And who was he ?

A

Controller general of finances , he wanted the court to echo miss and proposed that nobels be taxed

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35
Q

Portfolio

A

The area of responsibility of a government official

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36
Q

Catalyst

A

Something that helps other things to change

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37
Q

Salon

A

A meeting of intellectuals to discuss exciting ideas

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38
Q

Bigotry

A

Prejudice

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39
Q

Reason

A

The ability to think critically and draw logical concussions

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40
Q

What were salons for ?

A

Where people shared ideas about society, religion and government

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41
Q

What was the enlightenment also called ?

A

Age of reason

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42
Q

What were most philsophes have conflict with ?

A

Church and monarchy

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43
Q

Who formulated the law of gravity ?

A

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

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44
Q

Who created the new branch of philosophy known as empiricism ?

A

John Locke (1632-1704)

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45
Q

Empiricism

A

Meant that knowledge was possible only through experience of the world . You could not know anything unless yo experienced it through your senses

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46
Q

Beliefs of Voltaire ?

A
  • against church
  • freedom of thought
  • absolute monarchy was good for the society
  • hated injustice
  • freedom of speech
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47
Q

Who supported Voltaire ?

A

Accepted by rulers of other nations ( Frederick of Prussia )

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48
Q

What did Montesquieu believe ?

A 
Believed that the ruler had to work with elected parliaments 
-constitutional monarchy:
Executive ( enforces law ) 
Legislative ( makes law )
Judiciary ( interprets laws )
-must rule in honor , rather than fear .
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49
Q

Who supported Montesquieu ?

A

Parliament / government

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50
Q

Jean Jacques Rosseau Beliefs ?

A
  • society needed a social contract
  • citizens needed to agree to what majority wanted
  • believed in what he called “ natural law “
  • people have a arrivals good will that is destroyed by government and modern society
  • rank and nobility should be abolished
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51
Q

Who supported Rousseau ?

A

People who should live in harmony with nature

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52
Q

Who was against Rousseau ?

A
  • Skeptics
  • Philosophes who hated all forms of superstition
  • Voltaire
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53
Q

Who was against Voltaire ?

A
  • Church and government

- Rousseau

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54
Q

Republican government

A

A government in which all power rests with the citizens who vote to elect their leaders

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55
Q

Why was the France bankrupt ?

A

Morning spent by Louis XIV

-too much spending ( wasting )

56
Q

How was the royal court spilt ?

A
  • one supported the king = changes to economy

- one supported queen = more power to nobels

57
Q

What did the middle class, working class and aristocrats demand ?

A

Some sort of Democracy

58
Q

Why did Philosophes find that France was backward ?

A
  • absolute monarchy ( medieval )
  • families could not afford to keep their children .. Abandoned them . ( over 40,000 children were abandoned )
  • machines were unemploying workers
  • starvation
59
Q

Who were the estate generals ?

A

Estates general included representatives from the three estates of France

60
Q

Who were the members of the first estate ?

A

Clergy

61
Q

Who were the members of the second estate ?

A

Aristocrats

62
Q

Philosophes

A

Educated rights and benefits not given to all people

63
Q

What class made up the third estate ?

A

Middle class .

64
Q

How did the estate vote ?

A

They all voted as a bloc . ( a group )

65
Q

Why did the first and second estate have an advantage ?

A

They did not worry about the problems that the third estate had to deal with

66
Q

When did Louis order the estates general to meet at Versailles ?

A

1789

67
Q

What did Louis plan to give to the estates during their meeting in Versailles ?

A

Some token of responsibilities ( fixing tax system )

- they refused

68
Q

What happened when the estates general met in May ?

A

None of its member would bow to the king’s wishes .

69
Q

What happened after six weeks of progress of the meeting in Versailles ?

A

The third estate broke with the other estates . Led by count Mirabeau , they formed a new government called National Assembly .

70
Q

What was the goal of the National Assembly ?

A

A new constitution for France

71
Q

What happened after he king tried to lock up he sure if their meeting ?

A

Delegates retreated to the Royal Tennis Courts

72
Q

What oath did they take at the meeting ?

A

Tennis court oath

73
Q

What was the tennis court oath ?

A

A pledge that they would continue meeting until France had a new form of government .

74
Q

How did king Louis respond to the tennis court oath ?

A

He was forced to backdown and Oder the other two estates to join the National Assembly .

75
Q

How did Louis respond when mobs began attacking Bastille ?

A

Louis sent gorge in mercenary ( a paid solider ) troops to Paris and Versailles .

76
Q

What did the mercenary troops do ?

A

The people thought Louis sen it to end the revolution but the army joined them .

77
Q

When did a great mob attack the royal prison / fortress ?

A

July 14 , 1789

78
Q

What happened when the Bastille were captured ?

A

The seven prisoners in Bastille were released . They cut off the governors head and praised it through the streets .

79
Q

How did Louis respond to the fall of the Bastille ?

A

He agreed to send his mercenary soldiers away .

80
Q

What army was formed to keep order in Paris ? Who commanded it ?

A

The army was called ‘ National Guard ‘ and Marquis de Lafayette ( a hero of the American Revolution ) commanded the army

81
Q

What was the great fear ?

A

The fear of king’s soldiers and aristocrats would stop the revolution . The feelings resulted in a panic called he “ great fear “

82
Q

What did the great fear cause citizens to do ?

A

Peasants stormed in the châteaux of aristocrats and burned them to the ground . Killed hundreds of people . They invaded off its and burned feudal certificates and papers that recorded their obligations to the lords .

83
Q

When we the great fear ?

A

July 1789

84
Q

Where did the great fear not spread?

A

Normandy or Brittany and low lands of Flanders .

85
Q

châteaux

A

The mansions and great estates of the rich .

86
Q

When did the National Assembly meet in Versailles ?

A

August 4, 1789

87
Q

What did the National Assembly do to all feudal rights and privileges ?

A

Abolished it and ended serfdom . Declared all people equal before law.

88
Q

What did many people think about the National Assembly ?

A

They were out of touch with conditions in the cities . they felt that the government needed to come to Paris and not be isolated in Versailles .

89
Q

What could the National Assembly not solve ?

A

The continuing food crisis

90
Q

What happened on October 1789 ?

A

The national guard and many women attacked the National Assembly and stormed the palace . The king and queen agreed to go back to Paris .

91
Q

When was the declaration of rights of Man and the citizen passed by National Assembly ?

A

Late August , 1789

92
Q

What did he Declaration of Independence contain ?

A
  • guaranteed freedom of though speech , religion , security and property ,
  • put limits on power of the government
93
Q

What happens when the National Assembly arrive at Paris ?

A

They quickly developed a new constitution .

  • Most of the old system was swept away
  • noble titles were declared obsolete .
  • Everyone was given the title ‘ citizen ‘
  • government seized control of the church and property
  • certificates ( assignats ) were to be redeemed when church lands were sold
  • believed it was solving the country’s financial problems
94
Q

Emigrés

A

People who leave one country for another .

95
Q

What were the Emigrés doing outside of France ?

A

Trying to restore the old system

96
Q

What happened in 1791 ?

A

Queen and king and their children tried to escape the country .

97
Q

What was Louis’s motive when he tried to leave the country ?

A

His motive was to obtain foreign aid in order to restore his monarchy .

98
Q

Where was the royal family recognized when trying to escape France ? What happened to them there ?

A

Varennes . They were arrested and imprisoned , the kit was forced to accept France’s new constitution .

99
Q

What happened on October 1, 1791 ?

A

The newly formed legislative assembly convened for the first time .

100
Q

What did the legislative assembly try to establish ?

A

A workable government but too many grips were struggling for power .

101
Q

Radicals

A

Someone who wants major change quickly .

102
Q

What did the radicals want ?

A

A republic

103
Q

What did the moderates want ?

A

Constitutional monarchy

104
Q

What did the monarchists want ?

A

Restore most of the king’s power

105
Q

What did people join instead of political parties ?

A

Political clubs

106
Q

Who were the Girondists ?

A
  • most members came from an are of France called the Gironde
  • originally a branch of Jacobin Club
  • they were viewed too conservative by some revolutionaries
  • started off as moderates
  • leader : Madame Roland
107
Q

Who were the Jacobins ?

A
  • radicals
  • started off as moderates
  • responsible for reign of terror
  • Girondists lost to them –> sent to guillotine
  • leader : Danton and Robespierre
108
Q

What did Girondists and Jacobins want ?

A

Sweeping changes in the government

109
Q

Who were the sans-culottes ?

A
  • Mainly poor people from Paris and larger cities
  • resented the bourgeoisie and against reforms that would benefit the business class .
  • led by : Jean- Paul Marat
110
Q

What did the Sans-culottes want ?

A
  • national government to lower prices and supply bread to the poor
  • execute the king and aristocrats
111
Q

Who were Marat , Danton and Robespierre ?

A

Radical leaders of the revolution

112
Q

What did Marat , Danton and Robespierre want ?

A
  • opposed to deals with monarchy
  • bring king to trail and execution
  • destroy anyone who seemed to have sympathy for the old system
113
Q

Who was the most radical of Marat , Danton and Robespierre ?

A

Marat

114
Q

How was Marat killed ?

A

Murdered in his bath by Charlotte Corday ( Girondist ) 1793

115
Q

When did France and Austria declare war ?

A

Spring of 1792

116
Q

What happened at Valmy during the wars ?

A

French armies won a victory

117
Q

What happened when people started lose faith in the revolution during the war ?

A

Marat, Danton and Robespierre made patriot speeches about how foreign troops would destroy the country and all their hard earned rights

118
Q

What newly elected body decided that the king should be tried for his crimes against the country and executed ?

A

The national convention

119
Q

When was Louis Capet guillotined ?

A

January 21, 1793

120
Q

When was Marie Antoinette guillotined ?

A

October , 1793

121
Q

When was the reign of terror ?

A

1793 - 1794

122
Q

What happened during the reign of terror ?

A

Government had extraordinary powers .

  • reorganization of the armed forces
  • new legislation was passed to regulate business
  • food speculators were guillotined and all granaries and bakeries were placed under state control
123
Q

What harsh laws were passed during the reign of terror ?

A

These laws were designed to intimidate or elongate anyone who disagrees with the radicals Jacobins .

124
Q

What was the law of suspects ?

A

Provided the arrest of anyone of the noble family or who had held office before the revolution .

125
Q

Food speculators

A

A person who deals in a product and hopes to take advantage of a sudden rise or fall in prices

126
Q

When was Danton beheaded ? And why ?

A

He stood of to government . 1794

127
Q

What happened after danton’s execution ?

A

Robespierre ruled France with powers of a dictator

128
Q

What changes did Robespierre make to France ?

A
  • introduced the revolutionary calendar
  • metric system was introduced
  • army was more efficient
  • new schools and universities were set up to educate the population
  • confiscated all property of the Emigrés
129
Q

Who replaced the radical Jacobins ?

A

Thermidoreans

130
Q

What did the thermidoreans want ?

A

Anxious to bring peace to the revolution

131
Q

What replaced the rule of Robespierre ?

A

The directory

132
Q

Who controlled the directory ?

A

Middle class

133
Q

During the rule of the directory who got the most power ? And privileges ?

A

People of property or land . This group was not allowed to vote and elect members to government

134
Q

What happened during the directory rule ?

A

/Days of equality was gone

- Napoleon soon replaced the directory in a new form of government

135
Q

What was the civil constitution of clergy ? And when was it issued ?

A

July 12, 1790

An attempt to reorganize the Roman Catholic Church .

136
Q

Committee of public safety ?

A

Created March 1793 by the national convention to protect France from foreign attackers

Enlgish Usage (10 decks)

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