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7th Grade Science > Science final exam - trimester 3 > Flashcards

Science final exam - trimester 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

single-celled prokaryotic, microscopic organism

A

bacterium

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2
Q

two things missing from all prokaryotic cells

A

nucleus, organelles

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3
Q

why is bacteria DNA called “naked”

A

just floats in the cytoplasm, not protected by nucleus

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4
Q

three shapes of bacteria

A
  • round
  • rod
  • spiral
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5
Q

four ways bacteria obtain nutrients and energy

A
  • feed on dead organisms
  • take nutrients from living organisms
  • energy from sun
  • energy from chemical reactions
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6
Q

aerobic bacteria need ___ to survive

A

oxygen

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7
Q

anaerobic bacteria do NOT need ___ to survive

A

oxygen

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8
Q

whiplike structure used to move bacteria

A

flagella

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9
Q

short hair-like structures on bacteria that help them stick to surfaces

A

pili

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10
Q

form of cell division that bacteria use to produce two genetically identical cells

A

fission

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11
Q

how long does fission take?

A

20 minutes

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12
Q

how bacteria attach to each other and combine their DNA

A

conjugation

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13
Q

forms when bacteria build a thick internal wall to protect themselves from heat or drought

A

endospore

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14
Q

group of prokaryotes that used to be grouped as bacteria, but aren’t anymore

A

archaeans

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15
Q

five characteristics of archaeans

A
  • no nucleus
  • no organelles
  • YES cell wall
  • circular chromosome
  • live in extreme environments like hot springs and salt lakes
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16
Q

five ways bacteria are beneficial

A

bioremediation, digestion, food production, nitrogen fixation, decomposition

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17
Q

using bacteria to clean up environmental pollution like oil spills or uranium leaks

A

bioremediation

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18
Q

foods that are made using bacteria

A

soy sauce, yogurt, cheese, vinegar

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19
Q

when bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to a form that plants can use

A

nitrogen fixation

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20
Q

when bacteria break down dead organisms, helping organisms to grow

A

decomposition

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21
Q

anything that causes disease

A

pathogen

22
Q

medicines that stop bacteria from growing or reproducing

A

antibiotic

23
Q

two ways bacteria might enter the body

A
  • inhale

- eat

24
Q

two ways bacteria might cause infection

A
  • damage tissue

- release toxins

25
Q

steps in antibiotic resistance (bacteria become immune)

A

1) some bacteria naturally have a mutation that makes antibiotic resistance
2) treat the bacteria with an antibiotic, only the resistant bacteria survive
3) the resistant bacteria reproduce

26
Q

heating food to a temperature that kills most harmful bacteria

A

pasteurization

27
Q

the manner in which traits are passed from parents to offspring

A

heredity

28
Q

a __ trait masks (or hides) another trait

A

dominant

29
Q

a ___ is masked (or hidden) by another trait

A

recessive

30
Q

father of genetics

A

Mendel

31
Q

why pea plants were a great choice for Mendel’s experiments

A
  • grow fast
  • lots of simple traits
  • can self-pollinate OR cross-pollinate
32
Q

process by which one plant fertilizes itself or another plant, causing the production of offspring

A

pollination

33
Q

plants with parents that look like them can be called ___-breeding plants

A

true-breeding

34
Q

process by which one plant pollinates a DIFFERENT plant

A

cross-pollination

35
Q

In Mendel’s first cross, he crossed true-breeding purple plants with true-breeding white plants. The offspring were…

A

all purple

36
Q

In Mendel’s second cross, he self-pollinated the purple plants that were created by his first cross. The offspring were…

A

75% purple, 25% white

37
Q

a gene travels on a long piece of DNA called a ___

A

chromosome

38
Q

__ are different versions of genes. For example, there is one for purple plants and a different one for white plants

A

alleles

39
Q

An organism’s __ is its physical appearance or trait

A

phenotype

40
Q

An organism’s __ is the combination of alleles that it has for a particular trait. The combination can be heterozygous or homozygous

A

genotype

41
Q

homozygous dominant genotype

A

AA

42
Q

homozygous recessive genotype

A

aa

43
Q

heterozygous genotype

A

Aa

44
Q

type of chart that can be used to predict the types of offspring that parents will have

A

Punnett square

45
Q

true/false: a virus is alive

A

false

46
Q

two key parts of a virus

A

genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)

47
Q

Viruses cannot reproduce on their own. In order to reproduce, viruses require the help of a __ cell.

A

host

48
Q

A(n) ___ virus is one that is not actively reproducing or harming its host

A

latent

49
Q

A(n) ___ virus is one that is reproducing and is harming its host

A

active

50
Q

Viral infections are difficult to treat because viruses are constantly __

A

mutating, changing

51
Q

a protein produced by your body’s immune system that attacks bacteria and viruses

A

antibody

52
Q

a small dose of a virus that prevents infection by introducing your body to the virus, so that your immune system recognizes it the next time you get sick

A

vaccine

7th Grade Science (6 decks)

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