Science Final Flashcards
Inference
A guess and observation using the senses.
Constant
Something that stays the same
Control group
Test group with no change
Independent variable
Factor being tested in the experiment
Dependent variable
Data being collected in the experiment
Quantitative data
involves numbers
Qualitative data
involves a description
Scientific method
Question, hypothesis, experiment, data, conclusion
Metric conversion
King Henry Dies by Drinking Chocolate Milk
Mass
Measured in grams. Amount of matter in a substance. Triple balance beam used.
Volume
Measured in milliliters. The space an object takes up. Graduated cylinders used.
Length
Measured in meters. The distance from one point to another. Meter stick used.
Solids
Have the most attractive forces between particles and particles are close.
Gases
Have the least attractive forces and particles are far apart.
Liquids
Have some attractive force and are a little bit spread apart
When do phase changes occur?
When energy is absorbed or released
At a phase change -
No change in temperature and the line is flat on the graph
Evaporate
a liquid turns to a gas
Condense
gas returns to a liquid
Melt
solid returns to liquid
Freeze
liquid turns to solid
Element
Cannot be broken down physically or chemically (Ag -silver)
Compound
Two or more elements chemically combined and can be broken down chemically (H2O -water)
Mixture
Two or more pure substances (NaCl) - saltwater
Big Bang Theory
How the universe was formed
Heliocentric vs. Geocentric
Helio - sun centered; Geo - earth centric
Inertia and gravity
Keep planets in order in our solar and keep our galaxy orbiting around a giant black hole
Inner planets
are rocky
Outer planets
gas giants
Rotation
involves spinning on its axis
Revolution
Involves orbiting around another
Moon phases
Eight moon phases. Eclipses may happen at new or full moon.
Equinox
Most direct light on Equator - March and Sept. 21
Solstices
Most direct light 23.5 degress North and South of Equator June and Dec. 21
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
Shows brightness, temperature and color of stars
One month orbit
27-28 days
One earth orbit around the sun
364 1/4 days (year-why we have Leap Year every 4 years).
Sun
Only star in solar system
Air
78% nitrogen; 21% oxygen
Major climate zones
Temperate at mid-latitudes; Tropical by the equator; Polar by poles
Types of fronts
Warm Front, Cold Front, Occluded Front, Stationary Front
Cold front
cold air moves underneath warm air forcing warm air to rise
Warm Front
forms when warm air moves over cold air. Moves slowly, bringing warm humid air
Stationary Front
Forms when cold and warm air masses meet by neither has enough force to move the other. May bring days of clouds and precipitation
Occluded front
Warmer air mass caught between two cooler air masses
Hurricanes
Occur over the ocean and gain strength from warm water
Tornados
Occur over land from mixing of dry cold air and warm moist air
Air masses
cP; cT; mP; mT
mT
maritime tropical - warm humid air from the Gulf of Mexico to the Eastern U.S. or warm humid air from the Pacific Ocean to the West Coast
cT
Continental tropical (tropical air mass from Southwest brings hot, dry air to the southern Great Plains).
mP
maritime polar (Air masses from North Atlantic Ocean are often pushed out by sea to westerly winds)
cP
Continental polar (Air masses from central and northern Canada bring cold air to the central and eastern U.S.)
Air pressure
decreases as altitude increases
Layers of the Earth
Inner core, Outer Core, Mantle, Crust
Oceanic crust
Thinner than continental crust
Spheres of Earth
Hydrosphere (water); Lithosphere (rocky crust); Atmosphere (air above); Biosphere (all living things)
Convection currents
The reason why plates move and is in the mantle
Pangaea
Super continent from millions of years ago
Igneous rocks
Created from solidified lava (crystal patterns; granite)
Sedimentary
Formed from millions of years of sediment (layered, pebbles cemented in)
Metamorphic
Formed frome heat and pressure (waves and folds, slate/shale)
Weathering
Rock breaking down
Erosion
Material broken down and moved
Earthquakes
Due to folding and faulting
Mineral streak
Power minerals leave
Mineral hardness
Ability to scratch
Mineral fracture
Break without a pattern
Mineral cleavage
pattern of breakage
Balanced forces
cause motion
Unbalanced force
no motion
Friction
creates heat; opposes motion
Potential energy
Stored energy
Kinetic energy
Energy of motion
Calculate speed
using speed = distance/time
Simple machines that make work easier
screw, wedge, inclined plane, pulley, wheel n axle and lever.
Newton’s laws:
1- Object at rest stays at rest; object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an outside force
2 - F=MxA (Force = Mass x Acceleration)
3- For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Different forms of energy
thermal, electromagnetic, sounds, nuclear, mechanical
Energy transformations
involve energy changing to another
Friction
Opposes motion
Formula for work
Work=force x distance
Refraction
involves bending of light
reflection
involves changing direction
Diffraction
involves light moving around a barrier
Electromagnetic spectrum
Reveals frequency (how often) and wavelength (strength) of energy
Light
travels faster than sound and doesn’t need a medium
Sound
must have gas or liquid in order to be heard.
