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school > science exam - yr 9 term 4 > Flashcards

science exam - yr 9 term 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Divergent Boundaries

A

Divergent Boundaries are where two tectonic plates move away from each other and magma rises and ocean lithosphere is created.

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2
Q

What are Convergent Boundaries and what do they make?

A

Convergent Boundaries are when two land tectonic plates smash into each other. Convergent Boundaries form mountain ranges and volcanoes.

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3
Q

What are all of the different wave types from smallest to largest?

A
  1. Radio waves
  2. Microwaves
  3. Infrared
  4. Visible light
  5. Ultra violet
  6. X-ray
  7. Gamma rays
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4
Q

What is a greenhouse gas?

A

A greenhouse gas are gases in the earth’s atmosphere that trap heat.

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5
Q

What are the greenhouse gases?

A
  • carbon dioxide
  • methane
  • nitrous oxide
  • chlorofluorocarbons
  • ozone
  • water vapor
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6
Q

What is the enhanced
greenhouse gas effect?

A

The enhanced greenhouse effect is when extra greenhouse gases in our atmosphere trap too much of the suns energy and causes the earth to heat up.

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7
Q

What are subduction zones?

A

Subduction zones is when 2 plates come together and the ocean plate moves under the land plate.

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8
Q

What are Transform boundaries and what do they cause

A

Transform boundaries are where two plates slide side way against each other. This mainly causes earthquakes within the crust of the main moving plate.

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9
Q

What is a hot spot volcano?

A

A buildup of hot magma under the surface in the middle of a plate tectonic causing a volcano to become active.

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10
Q

What volcano is caused by a buildup of hot magma under the surface in the middle of a plate tectonic

A

Hot spot volcano

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11
Q

What are Strato volcanos

A
  • They form on subduction zones
  • they erupt because of a buildup of gasses
  • lava is sticky and doesn’t go far
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12
Q

What volcanos form on a subduction zone, and erupt because of and buildup of gasses, lava is sticky and doesn’t go far.

A

Strato volcanos

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13
Q

What are transverse waves?

A

Transverse waves cause the medium to move perpendicular to the direction of the wave.

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14
Q

What are Longitudinal waves

A

Longitudinal waves cause the medium to move parallel to the direction of the wave.

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15
Q

How many tectonic plates are on earth?

A

15

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16
Q

What is the theory of plate tectonics?

A

Earths outer layer (The lithosphere) is divided into 15 tectonic plates. The plates move around Earths upper mantle which can shift continents and create new landforms.

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17
Q

What are the 3 pieces of evidence that supports the plate tectonic theory?

A
  1. The continents move over time (the continental drift)
  2. The sea floor is spreading apart (Molten rock rises, solidifies and forms new oceanic lithosphere)
  3. Old lithosphere is subducted (the edge of one tectonic plate is being pushed under another)
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18
Q

Where do volcano arcs form?

A

At subduction zones.

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19
Q

What is the area called where the magma is stored in a volcano?

A

Magma Chamber

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20
Q

What is the passageway that brings magma from the magma chamber to the surface called?

A

Conduit

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21
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of a volcano?

A
  • Main Vent
  • Crater
  • Lava flow
  • Conduit
  • Magma Chamber
  • Ash Cloud
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22
Q

What are the 4 interacting spheres that Earth is made up of?

A
  • Biosphere
  • Atmosphere
  • Hydrosphere
  • Lithosphere
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23
Q

What is refraction?

A

Refraction is when light, sound or water waves pass through a more dense object, slowing it down and cause it to bend.

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24
Q

What is reflection?

A

Reflection of light is the process of bouncing back light rays when it strikes a smooth and shiny surface.

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25
Q

What is absorption of light?

A

Absorption of light is a process in which matter captures light, converting the energy of photons to internal energy.

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26
Q

Why are Earthquakes caused?

A

Earthquakes are caused by a build-up of pressure and the release of energy in the earths crust.

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27
Q

Where do most Earthquakes happen?

A

Along the boundaries of plate tectonics but they can also happen within a plate.

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28
Q

What are seismic waves?

A

Seismic waves is energy that passes Earth and causes Earth to shake the crust.

29
Q

What are 4 characteristics of Earthquakes?

A
  • Seismic Waves
  • Plate Movement
  • Epicentre
  • Focus
30
Q

Where do shallow earthquakes happen?

A

Divergent and Transform Boundaries

31
Q

Where do the deepest Earthquakes happen at?

A

Subduction zones

32
Q

What are Earthquakes that take place within a plate called?

A

Intraplate Earthquakes

33
Q

How are earthquakes measured?

A

By Intensity and magnitude

34
Q

What are the 2 main types of Seismic waves?

A
  • Body waves (travel through Earth)
  • Surface Waves (travel around the Earths surface)
35
Q

What are the 2 main types of body waves?

A
  • Primary (P) waves
  • Secondary (S) waves
36
Q

What are the 2 main types of surface waves?

A
  • Rayleigh Waves
  • Love Waves
37
Q

What are cyclones?

A

Cyclones are intense spiralling tropical storms that form over oceans

38
Q

How does conduction occur?

A

Conduction occurs by the particles in a solid vibrating, and when heat is added to the solid, the particles gain energy, vibrate more and bump into neighbouring particles which the heat transfers to.

39
Q

What are the best conductors of heat?

A

Metal

40
Q

What are the worst conductors of heat (insulators)

A

Non-metals (rubber, wood, plastic)

41
Q

What is an example of when conduction occurs?

A

Ironing of clothes (Heat is conducted from the iron to the clothes)

42
Q

Where are cyclones more likely to happen?

A

warm waters

43
Q

How do cyclones start to spiral?

A

Cyclones spiral due to hot and cold air mixing. The hot air comes from warm oceans and the cold air comes from the water vapor. When there is a mass amount of water vapor it condenses into clouds and when the warm air mixes it spirals.

44
Q

What effect do volcanoes have on the lithosphere?

A
  • lava flows everywhere
  • destroying and creating land formations
  • lava hardening and turning into igneous rock
  • ash adds minerals and nutrients into the soli
45
Q

What effect do volcanoes have on the hydrosphere?

A
  • ground water is affected due to the magma rising up causing it to because acidic.
  • Underwater volcanoes can heat up the water to extremely hot temperatures killing wildlife.
  • Sulfur dioxide is released from the eruption causing acid rain.
46
Q

What effect do volcanoes have on the atmosphere?

A
  • gasses release into the atmosphere causing global warming
  • Ash clouds can cover the entire earth causing it to cool down
46
Q

What effect do volcanoes have on the biosphere?

A

lava flows through landscapes and destroys wildlife/ecosystems including plants, animals and humans.

47
Q

What are the 3 properties of a wave?

A

Amplitude, frequency, Wavelength

48
Q

What are the effects to the biosphere and lithosphere from a cyclone?

A
  • erosion
  • water sewers burst
  • Coral and wildlife can be damaged or killed due to high curents.
49
Q

What is Amplitude (Waves)?

A

Amplitude is the distance between the peak of the wave and the trough.

50
Q

What is frequency (Waves)?

A

Frequency is the number of waves that pass a point every second. They are measured in hertz (Hz).

51
Q

What is wavelength (Waves)?

A

Wavelength is the distance between the peak of one wave and the next. Measured in meters.

52
Q

Where are the largest o-zone gaps?

A

Antartica

53
Q

How many kilometers is the o-zone from the earth?

A

Fifteen to thirty kilometers

54
Q

What is climate change?

A
  • global warming
  • the average global tempreture increasing and effecting earths climate system
55
Q

What is the Coriolis effect

A

The Coriolis effect is due to the earth spinning. The air and water rotates clock wise in the southern hemisphere and anti clock wise and the northern hemisphere.

56
Q

What is the law of reflection?

A

The law of reflection is that when light hits a smooth/shiny surface it reflects off at the same angle.

57
Q

What is the normal?

A

The normal is the imaginary line where the angle of incidence and reflection meet.

58
Q

What is the incident ray?

A

The incident ray is the ray of light that travels towards the normal.

59
Q

What is the reflected ray?

A

The reflected ray is the ray that reflects from the smooth/shiny surface.

60
Q

When light moves from air to water what does it do?

A

It slows down.

61
Q

When light moves from water to air what does it do?

A

It speeds up.

62
Q

When light passes from one medium to another what does it do?

A

It refracts/bends.

63
Q

What is an ionic compound?

A

An ionic compund is formed by the transfer of electrons between metals and non-metals.

64
Q

What is a cation?

A

A cation is an ion with a positive charge.

65
Q

What is an anion?

A

An anion is an ion with a negative charge.

66
Q

What is a covalent compound?

A

Covalent compounds are when atoms share an electron to form a chemical bond.

67
Q

Ionic compounds is when…

A

the positively charged ion ‘steals’ an electron from the negatively charged one.

68
Q

Covalent compounds is when…

A

Atoms share an electron.

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