Science CTOS Exam Flashcards
Cell
Basic unit of a living organism that can perform all the processes associated with life (Pg. 1)
Diffusion
Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to areas of lower concentration (Pg. 33)
Multicellular
Having or being made up of two or more cells; most plants and animals are examples (Pg. 13)
Organ
Group of different types of tissues that work together to form a function (Pg. 3)
Organelle
In cells that have a nucleus, small structures that work within a cell preforming specific functions for the cell (Pg. 13)
Osmosis
Movement of water particles through a selectively permeable membrane from a area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (Pg. 34)
Selectively Permeable
Allowing certain substances, but not others, to pass through; cell membranes are an example (Pg. 33
Organ System
Group of organs that work together to perform a function (Pg. 45)
Tissue
Group of the same type of cells that work together to perform a specific function (Pg. 3)
Unicellular
Having or being made up of only one single cell; most microscopic organisms are examples (Pg. 13)
Cytoplasm
The liquid-like substance contained in the cell (Pg. 13)
Specialized Cells
Cells in different parts of the body having special features that enable them to perform specific functions (Pg. 39)
Red Blood Cells
Cells that can carry oxygen to all the cells of the body (Pg. 39)
Connective Tissue
Tissue which supports other tissues and connects different parts of the body; includes blood, fat, bones, cartilage, and tendons (Pg. 39)
Epithelial Tissue
Tissue that covers the surface of the body and the outside of organs; includes skin and the linings of passages inside the body (Pg. 39)
Nervous Tissue
Tissue that carries messages to and from the brain and other parts of the body; includes brain, spinal cord, and nerves (Pg. 40)
Muscle Tissue
Tissue that allows the body to move; specialized for contraction (Pg. 40)
Interdependent
Depending on one another - here this refers to the concept that the body’s organ systems depend on one another to function (Pg. 43)
Respiratory System
A series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide.
Digestive System
A group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body.
Nervous System
A complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body.
Excretory System
The system of an organism’s body that performs the function of excretion, the bodily process of discharging wastes.
Circulatory System
Is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body.
Heart
Fist-sized organ that acts as a hydraulic pump for the circulatory system; pumps blood throughout the body; has a squeezing (contracting) action followed by a relaxing action (Pg. 50)
Arteries
Tube-like blood vessels that take blood away from the heart, transporting it to to other parts of the body (Pg. 50)
Veins
In animals: tube-like vessels that transport blood from the organs back to the heart (Pg. 50)
Pulse
Bulge in an artery caused by the entry of new blood (Pg. 50)
Alveoli
Tiny air-filled sacs in the lungs surrounded by blood vessels (Pg. 61)
Capillaries
Thin, hair-like vessels connecting arteries and veins; capillary tissue is only one cell thick (Pg. 62)
Stimuli
A change in the environment that triggers a reaction or response (Pg. 66)
Holistic
Worldview suggesting that everything is interconnected (Pg. 7)
Reductionist
Breaking complex problems down into smaller parts to make it easier to study them (Pg. 7)
Turgor Pressure
Water pressure against the cell wall inside a plant cell.
Centrioles
Duplicate prior to mitosis and produce the spindle apparatus during cell division (mitosis).
Vacuole
Stores nutrients and waste products.
Cytoskeleton
Network of hollow tubes that provides shape, and internal organization.
Golgi Apparatus/Body
Sorts, modifies, and packages vesicles for delivery to other organelles.
Mitochondria
Site where cellular respiration happens.
Lysosome
Site of digestion within the cell.
Cytoplasm/Cytosol
Semi-fluid material surrounding organelles.
Ribosomes
Site where proteins are synthesized (made).
Nucleus
The control centre of the cell containing DNA (genetic information).
Chloroplast
Site where photosynthesis happens.
Cell/Plasma Membrane
The semi-fluid boundary that controls what passes in and out of the cell.
Cell Wall
Provides rigidity to plant cells allowing turgor pressure to develop.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Compartmentalizes the cytoplasm/cytosol. There are two (2) types: one with ribosomes (rough ER) & one without ribosomes (smooth ER).
Two Types of Slide Stains
Bromothymol Blue
Phenolphthalein
List the Microscope Parts and Their Functions
Body tube-connects the eyepiece and the
revolving nosepiece
Revolving nosepiece-provides clearer, sharper images
Objective lenses-provides clearer, sharper images
Stage clips-provides clearer, sharper images
Diaphragm-provides clearer, sharper images
Light source/lamp-provides clearer, sharper images
Ocular/eyepiece-acts like a magnifying glass
Arm-provides clearer, sharper images
Stage-provides clearer, sharper images
Coarse adjustment knob-brings the lens closer to or
farther from the object to
produce a clear, sharp image
Fine adjustment knob-provides clearer, sharper images
Base-provides clearer, sharper images
List the requirements for determining if something is a living organism
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
Who invented the microscope?
Robert Hooke
Who was the first person to view “cells”?
Robert Hooke
Who discovered single-celled organisms? What did he call them?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek; “animalcules”
What is a compound light microscope? What does it do?
Magnifies using 2 lenses
What does the Cell Theory state?
Cells are the units of structure and function of all living organisms
All new cells come from pre-existing cells
What is a selectively permeable membrane?
Allowing certain substances, but not others, to pass through; cell membranes are an example (Pg. 33
Prokaryote only
DNA in strand form, capsule.
Animal only
Lysosomes, centrioles, vacuole (movement).
Plant only
Chloroplast, cell wall, vacuole (storage).
Prokaryote Cell
Has DNA strands therefore lacks a nucleus and a membrane-enclosed organelles. Smallest and simplest cells.
Eukaryote Cell
Has membrane-enclosed organelles therefore has a nucleus for genetic information. Most complex and larger cell.
Bilayer
2 layers
Phospholipid
fats with phosphorus attached
Hydrophobic
Repels water
Differentially permeable
Allows easy diffusion of small molecules but not easy diffusion passage of larger molecules
Concentration gradient
a gradual change in the concentration between two different areas
Equlibrium
when concentrations are equal on both sides of the membrane
Passive transport
moving substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid; contains genetic information for cells, the “blueprint for life”
Simple microscope
Magnifies using one lens
List the organ systems along with the organs in each system examples of cells for each system
Circulatory system-Heart, Blood vessels, Kidneys, Liver; cell examples: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Respiratory system-Lungs; cell examples: Alveoli
Nervous system-Brain, spinal chord; cell examples: neurons
Digestive system-Stomach, gallbladder, esophagus, small intestine; cell examples: Intestinal absorptive
Excretory system-Kidney, liver, large intestine, skin, lungs; cell examples: pore cell
What are the two parts of the nervous system and what are they composed of? What is the difference?
Central: Brain, spinal chord; Peripheral: Cranial nerves, Spinal nerves, peripheral nerves. The central nervous system contains the brain and the spinal chord while the peripheral nervous system consists mainly of all the nerves in the body
List the different parts of the heart
Right atrium, Left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
What is the purpose of blood in our body?
Deliver nutrients to the rest of the body and get rid of waste
What is the transport cell within blood?
Red blood cells
What are the small air sacs at the end of the tubes in the lungs called?
Alveoli
What are the main types of tissues that humans are made up of?
Connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
How does the respiratory system get oxygen throughout the body and remove waste?
Blood
What is the transport cell within blood?
Red blood cells
What is the difference between arteries and veins?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood to the heart
When a bunch of the same type of specialized cells are grouped together what do they form?
Tissue
