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Science CTOS Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

Basic unit of a living organism that can perform all the processes associated with life (Pg. 1)

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2
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to areas of lower concentration (Pg. 33)

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3
Q

Multicellular

A

Having or being made up of two or more cells; most plants and animals are examples (Pg. 13)

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4
Q

Organ

A

Group of different types of tissues that work together to form a function (Pg. 3)

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5
Q

Organelle

A

In cells that have a nucleus, small structures that work within a cell preforming specific functions for the cell (Pg. 13)

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6
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water particles through a selectively permeable membrane from a area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (Pg. 34)

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7
Q

Selectively Permeable

A

Allowing certain substances, but not others, to pass through; cell membranes are an example (Pg. 33

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8
Q

Organ System

A

Group of organs that work together to perform a function (Pg. 45)

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9
Q

Tissue

A

Group of the same type of cells that work together to perform a specific function (Pg. 3)

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10
Q

Unicellular

A

Having or being made up of only one single cell; most microscopic organisms are examples (Pg. 13)

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11
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The liquid-like substance contained in the cell (Pg. 13)

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12
Q

Specialized Cells

A

Cells in different parts of the body having special features that enable them to perform specific functions (Pg. 39)

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13
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

Cells that can carry oxygen to all the cells of the body (Pg. 39)

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14
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Tissue which supports other tissues and connects different parts of the body; includes blood, fat, bones, cartilage, and tendons (Pg. 39)

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15
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Tissue that covers the surface of the body and the outside of organs; includes skin and the linings of passages inside the body (Pg. 39)

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16
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Tissue that carries messages to and from the brain and other parts of the body; includes brain, spinal cord, and nerves (Pg. 40)

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17
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Tissue that allows the body to move; specialized for contraction (Pg. 40)

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18
Q

Interdependent

A

Depending on one another - here this refers to the concept that the body’s organ systems depend on one another to function (Pg. 43)

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19
Q

Respiratory System

A

A series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide.

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20
Q

Digestive System

A

A group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body.

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21
Q

Nervous System

A

A complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body.

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22
Q

Excretory System

A

The system of an organism’s body that performs the function of excretion, the bodily process of discharging wastes.

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23
Q

Circulatory System

A

Is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body.

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24
Q

Heart

A

Fist-sized organ that acts as a hydraulic pump for the circulatory system; pumps blood throughout the body; has a squeezing (contracting) action followed by a relaxing action (Pg. 50)

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25
Q

Arteries

A

Tube-like blood vessels that take blood away from the heart, transporting it to to other parts of the body (Pg. 50)

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26
Q

Veins

A

In animals: tube-like vessels that transport blood from the organs back to the heart (Pg. 50)

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27
Q

Pulse

A

Bulge in an artery caused by the entry of new blood (Pg. 50)

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28
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air-filled sacs in the lungs surrounded by blood vessels (Pg. 61)

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29
Q

Capillaries

A

Thin, hair-like vessels connecting arteries and veins; capillary tissue is only one cell thick (Pg. 62)

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30
Q

Stimuli

A

A change in the environment that triggers a reaction or response (Pg. 66)

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31
Q

Holistic

A

Worldview suggesting that everything is interconnected (Pg. 7)

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32
Q

Reductionist

A

Breaking complex problems down into smaller parts to make it easier to study them (Pg. 7)

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33
Q

Turgor Pressure

A

Water pressure against the cell wall inside a plant cell.

34
Q

Centrioles

A

Duplicate prior to mitosis and produce the spindle apparatus during cell division (mitosis).

35
Q

Vacuole

A

Stores nutrients and waste products.

36
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of hollow tubes that provides shape, and internal organization.

37
Q

Golgi Apparatus/Body

A

Sorts, modifies, and packages vesicles for delivery to other organelles.

38
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site where cellular respiration happens.

39
Q

Lysosome

A

Site of digestion within the cell.

40
Q

Cytoplasm/Cytosol

A

Semi-fluid material surrounding organelles.

41
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site where proteins are synthesized (made).

42
Q

Nucleus

A

The control centre of the cell containing DNA (genetic information).

43
Q

Chloroplast

A

Site where photosynthesis happens.

44
Q

Cell/Plasma Membrane

A

The semi-fluid boundary that controls what passes in and out of the cell.

45
Q

Cell Wall

A

Provides rigidity to plant cells allowing turgor pressure to develop.

46
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Compartmentalizes the cytoplasm/cytosol. There are two (2) types: one with ribosomes (rough ER) & one without ribosomes (smooth ER).

47
Q

Two Types of Slide Stains

A

Bromothymol Blue
Phenolphthalein

48
Q

List the Microscope Parts and Their Functions

A

Body tube-connects the eyepiece and the
revolving nosepiece
Revolving nosepiece-provides clearer, sharper images
Objective lenses-provides clearer, sharper images
Stage clips-provides clearer, sharper images
Diaphragm-provides clearer, sharper images
Light source/lamp-provides clearer, sharper images
Ocular/eyepiece-acts like a magnifying glass
Arm-provides clearer, sharper images
Stage-provides clearer, sharper images
Coarse adjustment knob-brings the lens closer to or
farther from the object to
produce a clear, sharp image
Fine adjustment knob-provides clearer, sharper images
Base-provides clearer, sharper images

49
Q

List the requirements for determining if something is a living organism

A

Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition

50
Q

Who invented the microscope?

A

Robert Hooke

51
Q

Who was the first person to view “cells”?

A

Robert Hooke

52
Q

Who discovered single-celled organisms? What did he call them?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek; “animalcules”

53
Q

What is a compound light microscope? What does it do?

A

Magnifies using 2 lenses

54
Q

What does the Cell Theory state?

A

Cells are the units of structure and function of all living organisms
All new cells come from pre-existing cells

55
Q

What is a selectively permeable membrane?

A

Allowing certain substances, but not others, to pass through; cell membranes are an example (Pg. 33

56
Q

Prokaryote only

A

DNA in strand form, capsule.

57
Q

Animal only

A

Lysosomes, centrioles, vacuole (movement).

58
Q

Plant only

A

Chloroplast, cell wall, vacuole (storage).

59
Q

Prokaryote Cell

A

Has DNA strands therefore lacks a nucleus and a membrane-enclosed organelles. Smallest and simplest cells.

60
Q

Eukaryote Cell

A

Has membrane-enclosed organelles therefore has a nucleus for genetic information. Most complex and larger cell.

61
Q

Bilayer

A

2 layers

62
Q

Phospholipid

A

fats with phosphorus attached

63
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Repels water

64
Q

Differentially permeable

A

Allows easy diffusion of small molecules but not easy diffusion passage of larger molecules

65
Q

Concentration gradient

A

a gradual change in the concentration between two different areas

66
Q

Equlibrium

A

when concentrations are equal on both sides of the membrane

67
Q

Passive transport

A

moving substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

68
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid; contains genetic information for cells, the “blueprint for life”

69
Q

Simple microscope

A

Magnifies using one lens

70
Q

List the organ systems along with the organs in each system examples of cells for each system

A

Circulatory system-Heart, Blood vessels, Kidneys, Liver; cell examples: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Respiratory system-Lungs; cell examples: Alveoli
Nervous system-Brain, spinal chord; cell examples: neurons
Digestive system-Stomach, gallbladder, esophagus, small intestine; cell examples: Intestinal absorptive
Excretory system-Kidney, liver, large intestine, skin, lungs; cell examples: pore cell

71
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous system and what are they composed of? What is the difference?

A

Central: Brain, spinal chord; Peripheral: Cranial nerves, Spinal nerves, peripheral nerves. The central nervous system contains the brain and the spinal chord while the peripheral nervous system consists mainly of all the nerves in the body

72
Q

List the different parts of the heart

A

Right atrium, Left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle

73
Q

What is the purpose of blood in our body?

A

Deliver nutrients to the rest of the body and get rid of waste

74
Q

What is the transport cell within blood?

A

Red blood cells

75
Q

What are the small air sacs at the end of the tubes in the lungs called?

A

Alveoli

76
Q

What are the main types of tissues that humans are made up of?

A

Connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

77
Q

How does the respiratory system get oxygen throughout the body and remove waste?

A

Blood

78
Q

What is the transport cell within blood?

A

Red blood cells

79
Q

What is the difference between arteries and veins?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood to the heart

80
Q

When a bunch of the same type of specialized cells are grouped together what do they form?

A

Tissue

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