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Science YR 9 > Science Biology-term 1 > Flashcards

Science Biology-term 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls the cell and holds DNA.

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2
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Makes ribosomes inside the nucleus.

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3
Q

What does the nuclear membrane do?

A

Surrounds and protects the nucleus; controls what goes in/out of the nucleus.

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4
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Makes energy for the cell.

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5
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Makes and moves proteins.

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6
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Makes fats and detoxifies.

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7
Q

What is the function of the Golgi body?

A

Packages and sorts proteins.

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8
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Makes food using sunlight through photosynthesis.

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9
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell.

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10
Q

What is the function of vacuoles?

A

Stores water, food, and waste.

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11
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Makes proteins.

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12
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

Jelly-like substance where chemical reactions happen.

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13
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

Gives shape and support to the cell.

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14
Q

What is a key difference in the structure of plant and animal cells?

A

Plant cells have a rigid cell wall; animal cells do not.

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15
Q

What is the shape of plant cells typically?

A

Usually boxy or rectangular.

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16
Q

What is the shape of animal cells typically?

A

Usually round or irregular.

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17
Q

What is the big central vacuole in plant cells used for?

A

Stores water and keeps the plant rigid.

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18
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxy-ribo-nucleic acid.

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19
Q

What does DNA do?

A

Contains instructions that control the development and structure of all living things.

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20
Q

Why is DNA considered universal?

A

Everyone’s DNA is made of the same building blocks.

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21
Q

What is a DNA molecule composed of?

A

A long chain of nucleotides.

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22
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate, a nitrogenous base, and sugar (deoxyribose).

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23
Q

What are the four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA?

A
  • Adenine
  • Cytosine
  • Thymine
  • Guanine
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24
Q

How do nucleotides join together?

A

The phosphate from one nucleotide forms a bond with the sugar on the next.

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25
What does it mean if DNA is double-stranded?
It means it is two chains of nucleotides joined together.
26
What holds the strands of DNA together?
Hydrogen bonds between the bases.
27
What is the 3D shape of DNA called?
Double helix.
28
Who discovered the structure of DNA?
Franklin, Wilkins, Watson, Chargaff.
29
What is a gene?
A segment of DNA that codes for a protein/trait.
30
How many chromosomes do humans have from each parent?
23.
31
How many chromosomes does a human cell have?
46.
32
What are homologous pairs?
Two copies of chromosomes.
33
What does haploid mean?
A cell or organism that contains one copy of every chromosome.
34
What does diploid mean?
A cell or organism that contains two copies of every chromosome.
35
Are humans haploid or diploid?
Diploid.
36
What is a karyotype?
A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell, arranged in pairs and by sizes.
37
What are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes called?
Autosomes.
38
What is the 23rd pair of chromosomes called?
Sex chromosomes.
39
What are the symbols for girl sex chromosomes?
XX.
40
What are the symbols for boy sex chromosomes?
XY.
41
What is Down syndrome characterized by?
3 copies of chromosome 21 and almond-shaped eyes.
42
What is Klinefelter syndrome characterized by?
2 X and one Y chromosome; only in men; can't have kids.
43
What is Turner syndrome characterized by?
Missing one or half of an X chromosome; no menstrual cycle; larger webbed neck.
44
What are examples of inheriting traits?
* Skin pigmentation * Eye color * Ability to roll tongue
45
What are alleles?
Different versions of the same gene.
46
What does phenotype mean?
The visible expression of a genotype.
47
What is the phenotype cycle?
Phenotype = Genotype + Environment.
48
How many genotypes are there and what are they called?
2: Homozygous and Heterozygous.
49
What is homozygous?
Having two of the same allele.
50
What is heterozygous?
Having one of each allele.
51
What are dominant traits?
Require only one allele for the trait to show in the phenotype.
52
What are recessive traits?
Require two copies of an allele for the trait to show in the phenotype.
53
What is a carrier?
An individual with an allele for the recessive trait but does not show the trait.
54
What is a Punnett square?
A tool used in Biology to predict inheritance.
55
What is the first step in interpreting a Punnett square?
Determine the genotypes.
56
What does a pedigree represent?
A family tree diagram showing the phenotypes of individuals across generations.
57
How are males represented in a pedigree?
By squares.
58
How are females represented in a pedigree?
By circles.
59
How can you identify a dominant trait in a pedigree?
Every affected child has an affected parent.
60
How can you identify a recessive trait in a pedigree?
Two unaffected parents can have an affected child.
61
What do pedigree numbers represent?
Roman numerals label generations; Arabic numerals label individuals.
62
What does it indicate if a trait skips a generation?
The trait is recessive.
63
What does it indicate if every affected child has affected parents?
The trait is dominant.

Science YR 9 (2 decks)

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