SCIENCE BIOLOGY (Chpt 12 - Interactions with Ecosystems)

Question 1

finite resources

Answer 1

• limited in availability/number
• non-renewable resources (e.g. fossil fuel)

Question 2

overfishing

Answer 2

• lead to depletion of fish population
• makes it difficult for fish stocks to recover

Question 3

Human actions/activities

Answer 3

• Positive impacts: reduce use of single-use plastic bags + using cleaner energy
• Negative impacts: Impact our environment and affect survival of other living things (e.g. deforestation)

Question 4

Human activities - burning fossil fuels and deforestation (negative impact)

Answer 4

• speed up climate change
• led to various consequences
• e.g. rising sea levels, more frequent extreme weather events and shifts in ecosystem

Question 5

Human activities - deforestation (negative impact)

Answer 5

• forests cleared to meet increasing demands for land and materials such as wood

Question 6

Undesirable effects of deforestation

Answer 6

1. Destruction of habitats for many species of animals
2. Extinction and reduction in biodiversity
3. Global warming

Question 7

Global warming

Answer 7

Without trees to absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, concentration of carbon dioxide in atmosphere and annual rainfall in the area will increase

Question 8

Wasting food

Answer 8

• deplete valuable resources
• e.g. water, energy, minerals and other resources used for food production

Question 9

Excessive use of electricity

Answer 9

• depletes finite fossil fuels at a faster rate
• leads to increased greenhouse gas emissions (more fossil fuels burned for electricity generation)
• contributes to climate change and its associated environmental impacts

Question 10

Excessive use of water

Answer 10

• deplete limited freshwater resources available for human consumption and other essential uses (e.g. cooking, showering)

Question 11

Generating excessive waste + improper disposal of waste

Answer 11

• results in pollution in air, water and land
• has harmful effects on environment and organisms that inhabit it

Question 12

Maintain a stable ecosystem

Answer 12

Conserve an environment + organisms living in it –> helps maintain stability of ecosystem

• one part of ecosystem destroyed: unstable (affects entire ecosystem)

Question 13

conserving the environment

Answer 13

we use only the amount of resources that we need

Question 14

+ve of conserving the environment

Answer 14

• helps finite resources last longer
• reduces greenhouse gas emissions + effects of climate change

Question 15

Ways to address deforestation + its negative impact

Answer 15

1. Planting new trees- help forest grow
2. Promoting eco-tourism - help increase public awareness of rainforest: allows people to benefit economically from rainforest without contributing to its destruction
3. Laws can be passed to protect forests - prohibit logging: reduces deforestation
4. Agroforestry - letting trees grow beside crops: reduces extent of deforestation
5. Selective logging - allows younger trees to grow: also allows forests. to reach full maturity again in a shorter time

Question 16

Ways to conserve the environment - reducing use of fossil fuels

Answer 16

Actions to take:
- take public transport or walk instead of taking a car
- use energy-efficient appliances

+ve outcome:
fewer fossil fuels burnt to generate energy –> can last longer

Question 17

Ways to conserve the environment - reducing consumption

Answer 17

Actions to take:
- consume less
- avoid unnecessary purchases

+ve outcome:
reduce need for new raw materials (e.g. wood) –> minimises waste + reduce deforestation

Question 18

Ways to conserve the environment - introducing environmentally friendly practices

Answer 18

Actions to take:
- adopt sustainability and eco-friendly behaviours (e.g. using recycled bags)

+ve outcome:
help reduce greenhouse gas emissions + mitigate climate change

Question 19

Ways to conserve the environment - reforestation

Answer 19

Actions to take:
- plant trees
- restore deforested areas

+ve outcomes:
- trees help restore carbon dioxide through photosynthesis + reduce amount of carbon dioxide in air
- trees protect soil –> stores carbon

Question 20

Ecosystem

Answer 20

made up of the interaction between a community and its physical environment

Question 21

Ecology

Answer 21

scientific study of interactions
- among organisms
and
- between organisms and their physical environments

Question 22

Population

Answer 22

living organisms of the same kind/species in the same area at a particular time

Question 23

Community

Answer 23

interaction of all populations within an area

Question 24

Habitat

Answer 24

an environment in which a species normally lives

Question 25

Level of organisation in an ecosystem

Answer 25

organism → population → community → ecosystem

Question 26

interactions between organisms of the same/different kind

Answer 26

for food and shelter

Question 27

Symbiosis

Answer 27

a relationship between two types of animals or plants in which each provides for the other the conditions necessary for its continued existence

Question 28

predator-prey relationship

Answer 28

• an organism kills and consumes another organism
• short period of interaction

E.g. lion (predator) and zebra (prey)

Question 29

predator

Answer 29

an organism that eats another organism

Question 30

prey

Answer 30

the organism that the predator eats

Question 31

mutualism

Answer 31

• when two different organisms of different species interact together, each benefit
• relatively longer period of interaction

e.g. Bees obtain nectar from flowers and help the plant pollinate successfully

Question 32

parasitism

Answer 32

• an organism gains benefits from another organism and causes harm without killing it
• period of interaction is relatively longer

E.g. tapeworms (parasites) live in the intestines of the host animals to get food, and cause thee host to be deprived of nutrients

Question 33

parasite

Answer 33

an organism that gains benefits from another organism (host) and causes harm without killing it

Question 34

host

Answer 34

organism that is harmed by a parasite

Question 35

commensalism

Answer 35

a relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits while the other neither benefits nor is harmed

Question 36

Physical factors

Answer 36

• refer to the non-living parts of the environment
  → play a crucial role in shaping the characteristics and suitability of an environment for various organisms and ecosystems
  → can influence distribution, behaviour and adaptation of living organisms within a given habitat

Question 37

physical factor - sunlight

Answer 37

• provides light energy for plants to carry out photosynthesis
• allows organisms to avoid danger and look for food

Question 38

physical factor - temperature

Answer 38

• provides warmth to living organisms
• affects growth, activities, and survival of organisms

Question 39

physical factor - water

Answer 39

• affects lives of all living organisms: living cells are made up mainly of water
• provides a suitable habitat for marine life

Question 40

physical factor - pH level

Answer 40

• acidity or alkalinity affects types of organisms living in a particular area

Question 41

physical factor - air

Answer 41

• provides carbon dioxide for plants to carry out photosynthesis
• provides oxygen for living things to carry out respiration