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AT4 > Science at4 deck 2 > Flashcards

Science at4 deck 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the proper technique for using a light microscope.

A

Begin on the lowest objective lens, lower the lens down to the subject while looking from the side, then raise the lens upwards while looking through the eyepiece.

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2
Q

Outline the steps to prepare a biological drawing of cells.

A

Include a title, labels attached with lines to relevant parts, magnification or scale if appropriate, use pencil, ensure no shading.

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3
Q

Define photosynthesis in terms of energy storage in plant cells.

A

Photosynthesis transforms water into oxygen and carbon dioxide into glucose, storing energy within glucose molecules.

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4
Q

Explain how animal cells obtain energy.

A

Animal and human cells obtain energy through cellular respiration, which breaks down glucose and other organic molecules to produce ATP.

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5
Q

How do the respiratory and circulatory systems work together in the human body?

A

The respiratory system provides oxygen and removes waste, while the circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells.

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6
Q

Recall the test used for starch and its positive result.

A

The test for starch uses 2 drops of iodine, which turns from golden yellow to black.

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7
Q

Describe the characteristics of scientific drawings.

A

Must be drawn in pencil, 2D, use a ruler, clear labeling, no arrow heads, labeling lines cannot cross, and no shading.

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8
Q

Explain the role of glucose in cellular respiration.

A

Glucose is broken down during cellular respiration to produce ATP, the energy currency of the cell.

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9
Q

Recall the word equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

A

Photosynthesis: Carbon dioxide + Water -> Glucose + Oxygen; Cellular respiration: Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy.

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10
Q

Define what atoms are in the context of matter.

A

Atoms are the tiny particles that make up all matter, serving as the building blocks that combine to form molecules.

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11
Q

Describe the three fundamental particles that make up an atom.

A

The three fundamental particles are protons (positively charged, found in the nucleus), neutrons (neutral, found in the nucleus), and electrons (negatively charged, orbiting the nucleus).

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12
Q

Define an atom and its significance in matter.

A

An atom is the basic building block of matter, making up everything around us and combining to form molecules.

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13
Q

How do protons, neutrons, and electrons differ in terms of charge and location?

A

Protons have a positive charge and are located in the nucleus, neutrons have no charge and are also in the nucleus, while electrons have a negative charge and orbit around the nucleus.

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14
Q

Outline the relative sizes of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

A

Protons and neutrons are relatively large and about the same size, while electrons are approximately 1/1836 the size of protons and neutrons.

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15
Q

Explain the role of neutrons in an atom.

A

Neutrons are neutral particles located in the nucleus that contribute to the atom’s mass but do not affect its charge.

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16
Q

How are electrons arranged in relation to the nucleus of an atom?

A

Electrons are found in the electron cloud, which surrounds the nucleus, and they are constantly moving around it without fixed paths.

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17
Q

Identify the composition of a hydrogen atom.

A

A hydrogen atom consists of 1 proton and 1 electron.

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18
Q

Identify the composition of a helium atom.

A

A helium atom consists of 2 protons, 2 neutrons, and 2 electrons.

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19
Q

Define an element in terms of its atomic structure.

A

An element is a pure substance made of identical atoms that cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances.

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20
Q

Describe the charge of electrons and their location in an atom.

A

Electrons carry a negative charge and are located in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus.

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21
Q

How do protons contribute to the atomic structure?

A

Protons contribute to the atomic structure by providing a positive charge and determining the element’s identity, as they are located in the nucleus.

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22
Q

Explain the significance of matter in relation to atoms.

A

Matter is a general term for all physical substances, and it is composed of atoms, which are the fundamental building blocks of everything around us.

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23
Q

Define an element.

A

An element is a substance made up of one type of atom, characterized by its unique set of physical and chemical properties, and cannot be broken down into any other substance.

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24
Q

Describe how elements are typically found in nature.

A

Elements are typically found as parts of compounds, which are formed when two or more elements chemically bond together.

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25
Q

Explain the organization of the periodic table.

A

The periodic table organizes all known elements based on their atomic number, which corresponds to the number of protons and electrons, and is arranged from lowest to highest.

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26
Q

What are periods in the periodic table?

A

Periods are the rows of the periodic table, where each period corresponds to the number of electron shells an element has.

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27
Q

What are groups or families in the periodic table?

A

Groups or families are the columns of the periodic table, where elements in the same group have similar chemical properties due to having the same number of electrons in their outermost shell.

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28
Q

Describe the characteristics of hydrogen.

A

Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant element, colorless, odorless, highly flammable, and a key component of water and organic compounds.

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29
Q

What is the significance of oxygen in living organisms?

A

Oxygen is essential for respiration in living organisms and supports combustion.

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30
Q

Explain the properties of iron and its uses.

A

Iron is a strong and malleable metal essential for blood and commonly used in construction.

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31
Q

How does carbon’s versatility manifest in its bonding capabilities?

A

Carbon can form four covalent bonds, allowing it to exist in various forms such as graphite, diamond, and fullerenes.

32
Q

Contrast the characteristics of metals and non-metals.

A

Metals are usually solid, shiny, dense, have high melting points, and are good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals can be gases, liquids, or solids, have lower melting points and densities, and are generally brittle.

33
Q

What is the typical state of metals at room temperature?

A

Most metals are solid at room temperature, except for mercury.

34
Q

Describe the conductivity of metals.

A

Metals are great conductors of electricity and heat.

35
Q

What are the typical physical properties of non-metals?

A

Non-metals generally have lower melting points and densities than metals and are usually brittle when solid.

36
Q

How do metals and non-metals differ in terms of malleability and ductility?

A

Metals possess malleability and ductility, allowing them to be shaped and drawn into wires, while non-metals do not exhibit these properties.

37
Q

Describe the properties of metals.

A

Metals are often solid (except mercury), shiny, dense, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, and typically silver or grey in color.

38
Q

Explain the characteristics of non-metals.

A

Non-metals can be gases, liquids, or solids at room temperature, have lower melting points than metals, are typically brittle when solid, lack malleability and ductility, and are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity.

39
Q

Define malleability in relation to metals and non-metals.

A

Malleability refers to the ability of metals to be pressed into thin sheets, while non-metals are typically brittle and can shatter if hammered.

40
Q

How does ductility differ between metals and non-metals?

A

Metals can be drawn into wires, demonstrating ductility, whereas non-metals cannot be drawn into wires.

41
Q

What is the conductivity of metals compared to non-metals?

A

Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity due to the free movement of electrons, while non-metals are typically poor conductors and serve as insulators.

42
Q

Describe the common color and lustre of metals and non-metals.

A

Metals are typically silver or grey and have a shiny, reflective lustre when polished, while non-metals can come in various colors and are usually dull, though some, like diamond, may be shiny.

43
Q

Explain the importance of internationally recognized symbols for elements.

A

Internationally recognized symbols allow scientists worldwide to have a universal naming system for each element, facilitating easier interpretation, understanding, and collaboration in scientific findings.

44
Q

How do internationally recognized symbols promote scientific advancement?

A

They promote transparency and understanding in scientific work, encouraging global collaboration and the spread of advancements in the scientific field.

45
Q

Identify the chemical symbol for gold.

A

The chemical symbol for gold is Au.

46
Q

List the chemical symbols for the first five elements of the periodic table.

A
  1. Hydrogen - H, 2. Helium - He, 3. Lithium - Li, 4. Beryllium - Be, 5. Boron - B.
47
Q

Differentiate between elements, mixtures, and compounds.

A

An element is a pure substance made of one type of atom, a mixture consists of two or more substances combined physically, and a compound is a substance formed when two or more elements chemically bond together.

48
Q

Define a compound.

A

A compound is a substance made up of two or more different elements that are chemically bonded in a fixed ratio.

49
Q

Describe the properties of compounds compared to their constituent elements.

A

Compounds typically have different properties than the elements they are made up of.

50
Q

How can compounds be separated into their constituent elements?

A

Compounds can only be separated into their constituent elements by chemical reactions.

51
Q

Define a mixture.

A

A mixture consists of two or more substances that are physically combined but not chemically bonded.

52
Q

Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.

A

Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform composition throughout, like saltwater, while heterogeneous mixtures have a non-uniform composition, like sand and iron filings.

53
Q

What is an element?

A

An element is a pure substance composed of only one type of atom and cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by any means.

54
Q

How are alloys classified?

A

Alloys are made of two or more elements, with at least one being a metal, and can include metals and non-metals.

55
Q

List the primary elements in steel alloys.

A

Steel alloys typically consist of iron (Fe) and carbon (C), along with other elements like vanadium, silicon, nickel, manganese, copper, and chromium.

56
Q

What are the components of brass?

A

Brass is an alloy made of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), with proportions that can be varied to create different types of brass.

57
Q

Identify the elements that make up bronze.

A

Bronze is made up of copper (Cu) and tin (Sn).

58
Q

Describe the significance of the Stone Age in terms of materials used.

A

In the Stone Age, elements and materials like flint, obsidian, bone, and wood were used to create tools and assist with early agriculture.

59
Q

What advancements were made during the Bronze Age?

A

During the Bronze Age, bronze alloys made of copper and tin allowed for the creation of tools and weapons, leading to increased trade and economy.

60
Q

Explain the transition from bronze to iron in human history.

A

Iron became the primary material for tools and weapons because it was cheaper and more abundant than bronze, leading to improvements in agriculture, construction, and military technology.

61
Q

How did early steel alloys improve upon pure iron?

A

Early steel alloys, made by carbonizing iron, were more flexible than pure iron, leading to better tools and construction.

62
Q

Investigate the economic impact of iron availability.

A

The widespread availability of iron fostered economic growth as it led to the widespread use of tools.

63
Q

Describe the time period of the Stone Age.

A

The Stone Age was approximately 2.5 billion years ago to 3000 BCE.

64
Q

What materials were commonly used during the Stone Age?

A

The most common materials used were stone, wood, bone, and antler.

65
Q

How did tools from the Stone Age support early human communities?

A

These tools allowed early humans to hunt, build shelter, and prepare food, which supported the development of early communities and agriculture.

66
Q

Define the Bronze Age in terms of its time frame.

A

The Bronze Age was from approximately 330 BCE to 1200 BCE.

67
Q

What materials were primarily used during the Bronze Age?

A

People in the Bronze Age mainly used copper, tin, and bronze.

68
Q

How did the introduction of bronze tools and weapons impact society?

A

Bronze tools and weapons transformed agriculture, warfare, and society by being more efficient, which improved productivity.

69
Q

Describe the Iron Age and its significance.

A

The Iron Age was from approximately 1200 BCE onwards, marked by the use of iron, carbon, and steel, which were widely available and valuable for tools, weapons, and structures.

70
Q

What advantages did iron tools and weapons have over bronze?

A

Iron tools and weapons were stronger, cheaper, and more accessible than bronze, transforming agriculture, warfare, and infrastructure.

71
Q

Define a compound in chemistry.

A

A compound is two or more different elements chemically bonded together.

72
Q

How is a chemical reaction defined?

A

A chemical reaction is the interaction between two or more substances (reactants) to form new substances (products).

73
Q

Distinguish between chemical reactions and physical changes.

A

Chemical reactions change the properties of substances and often form new substances, while physical changes alter physical properties without changing chemical composition.

74
Q

What are the characteristics of a chemical change?

A

Chemical changes are often irreversible, involve the formation of new substances, and change the chemical structure of the original substances.

75
Q

Provide an example of a chemical change.

A

Burning wood or rusting iron are examples of chemical changes.

76
Q

What defines a physical change?

A

A physical change alters the physical properties of a substance without changing its chemical composition, and no new substance is formed.

77
Q

Give examples of physical changes.

A

Melting ice and evaporating water are examples of physical changes.

AT4 (6 decks)

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