Science and Philosophy: Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, and Primal Man

Question 1

How was the scientific method used to refute classical and church teachings in the 16th and 17th centuries?

Answer 1

-Contradicted geocentric theory and Aristotle’s model

Question 2

Define and chronicle these major discoveries of scientific revolution: scientific method, heliocentric theory, geocentric theory

Answer 2

• Geocentric theory- Earth=center
• Heliocentric theory- Sun=center(created by Copernicus)
• Scientific method- created by Bacon

Question 3

How did the church react to new scientific discoveries of 16th and 17th centuries?

Answer 3

• Refuted them

- Considered them heresey

Question 4

Deism? How did it impact philosophes and their outlook of the universe/man?

Answer 4

• Belief in God, but denial of religion

- Reject His involvement in nature (especially it’s formation)

Question 5

Mechanism? The concept of universal law?

Answer 5

• Universe/nature is much like a machine

- Created by Newton-Guides all things in nature

Question 6

Inductive vs. deductive reasoning?

Answer 6

• Inductive-Bacon-Empiricism rules/ laws govern the universe (mechanism??)
• Deductive-Descartes-Reasoning alone

Question 7

Philosophes?

Answer 7

French philosophers that study (get this) philosophy (gasp, who would’ve guessed)

Question 8

What modern views developed in the 18th century?

Answer 8

-Rationality, progress, and optimism

Enlightenment

Question 9

Three main characteristics of the Romanticism movement?

Answer 9

-An intellectual, literary, and artistic movement (“truth” whatever that means… -_-)

Question 10

Romanticism rejected what?

Answer 10

-Rationalism

Question 11

Natural selection?

Answer 11

-Struggle for survival- life in nature

Question 12

Survival of the fittest?

Answer 12

-Evolved from low animals, rejected by religions

Question 13

Theory of evolution? What was its impact on man’s view of himself/the universe/religion?

Answer 13

-When organisms developed from earlier forms in earth’s history

Question 14

What was the debate (and between who) about evolution vs. creation and it’s impact on science/philosophy?

Answer 14

Marx, Dostoyevsky, Nietzsche - instinctual

Question 15

Darwin’s impact on science/philosophy?

Answer 15

-Creation of man (in relation to science)

Question 16

Nietzsche’s impact on science/philosophy?

Answer 16

-Superman/overman- will for power

Question 17

Dostoyevsky’s impact on science/philosophy?

Answer 17

-Freewill

Question 18

Freud’s impact on science/philosophy?

Answer 18

-Subconscious

Question 19

How did Nietzsche’s ideas challenge Enlightenment ideas?

Answer 19

-Decisions are based on meaning, not rationale

Question 20

Darwin, Dostoyevsky, Freud, and Nietzsche all placed emphasis on what?

Answer 20

-The irrationality of man

Question 21

What’s the unconscious? How did Freud uncover it?

Answer 21

• Thoughts feelings (usually unpleasant) that we aren’t aware of
• Free association

Question 22

How did Freud perceive the human personality? (3 sections)

Answer 22

• ID-instinctual, self-indulgence
• Ego-Rationale decision making
• Superego-what’s socially acceptable/morale (prudent pout????????)